Monday, April 25, 2011

UNESCO World Heritage Sites List

Cultural
Natural

List of State-wise National Highways in India

Sl. No. Name of State National Highway No. Total Length (in km)
1 Andhra Pradesh 4, 5, 7, 9, 16, 18, 43, 63, 202, 205, 214, 214A, 219, 221 & 222 4472
2 Arunachal Pradesh 52, 52A & 153 392
3 Assam 31, 31B, 31C, 36, 37, 37A, 38, 39, 44, 51, 52, 52A, 52B, 53, 54, 61, 62, 151, 152, 153 & 154 2836
4 Bihar 2, 2C, 19, 28, 28A, 28B, 30, 30A, 31, 57, 57A, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 83, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 & 110 3642
5 Chandigarh 21 24
6 Chhattisgarh 6, 12A, 16, 43, 78, 200, 202, 216, 217, 111, & 221 2184
7 Delhi 1, 2, 8, 10 & 24 72
8 Goa 4A, 17, 17A & 17B 269
9 Gujarat NE-I, 6, 8, 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 14, 15, 59, 113 & 228 3245
10 Haryana 1, 2, 8, 10, 21A, 22, 64, 65, 71, 71A, 72, 73, 73A , 71B & NE-II1512 1512
11 Himachal Pradesh 1A, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 70, 72, 88 & 73A 1208
12 Jammu & Kashmir 1A, 1B, 1C & 1D 1245
13 Jharkhand 2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 33, 75, 78, 80, 98, 99 & 100 1805
14 Karnataka 4, 4A, 7, 9, 13, 17, 48, 63, 67, 206, 207,209, 212 & 218 3843
15 Kerala 17, 47, 47A, 49, 208, 212, 213, & 220 1440
16 Madhya Pradesh 3, 7, 12, 12A, 25, 26, 26A, 27, 59, 59A, 69, 75, 76, 78, 86 & 92 4670
17 Maharashtra 3, 4, 4B, 4C, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 50, 69, 204, 211 & 222 4176
18 Manipur 39, 53, 150 & 155 959
19 Meghalaya 40, 44, 51 & 62 810
20 Mizoram 44A, 54, 54A, 54B, 150 & 154 927
21 Nagaland 36, 39, 61, 150 & 155 494
22 Orissa 5, 5A, 6, 23, 42, 43, 60, 75, 200, 201, 203, 203A, 215, 217 & 2243704 3704
23 Puducherry 45A & 66 53
24 Punjab 1, 1A, 10, 15, 20, 21, 22, 64, 70, 71, 72 & 95 1557
25 Rajasthan 3, 8, 11, 11A, 11B, 12, 14, 15, 65, 71B, 76, 79, 79A, 89, 5585, 90, 113, 112, 114 & 116 53
26 Sikkim 31A 62
27 Tamilnadu 4, 5, 7, 7A, 45, 45A, 45B, 45C, 46, 47, 47B, 49, 66, 67, 68, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 219, 220, 226 & 227 4462
28 Tripura 44 & 44A 400 400
29 Uttaranchal 58, 72, 72A, 73, 74, 87, 94, 108, 109, 123, 119, 121, 87 Ext. & 125 1991
30 Uttar Pradesh 2, 2A, 3, 7, 11, 12A, 19, 24, 24A, 24B, 25, 25A, 26, 27, 28, 28B, 28C, 29, 56, 56A, 56B, 58, 72A, 73, 74, 75, 76, 86, 87, 91, 91A, 92, 93 ,96, 97 , 119 & NE-II 5874
31 West Bengal 2, 2B, 6, 31, 31A, 31C, 32, 34, 35, 41, 55, 60, 60A, 80, 81 & 117 2377
32 Andaman & Nicobar 223 300
    Total 66590

Chiefs of Air Staff

Name Tenure
Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst 15 August 1947-21 February 1950
Air Marshal Sir Ronald Chapman 22 February 1950-9 December 1951
Air Marshal Sir Gerald Gibbs 10 December 1951-31 March 1954
Air Marshal S. Mukherjee 01 April 1954-8 November 1960
Air Marshal A.M. Engineer 01 December 1960-31 July 1964
Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh 01 August 1964-15 July 1969
Air Chief Marshal P.C. Lal 16 July 1969-15 January 1973
Air Chief Marshal O.P. Mehra 16 January 1973-31 January 1976
Air Chief Marshal H. Moolgavkar 01 February 1976-31 August 1978
Air Chief Marshal I.H. Latif 01 September 1978-31 August 1981
Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh 01 September 1981-4 September 1984
Air Chief Marshal L.M. Katre 05 September 1984-1 July 1985
Air Chief Marshal D.A. La Fontaine 03 July 1985-31 July 1988
Air Chief Marshal S.K. Mehra 01 August 1988-31 July 1991
Air Chief Marshal N.C. Suri 01 August 1991-31 July 1993
Air Chief Marshal S.K. Kaul 01 August 1993-31 December 1995
Air Chief Marshal S.K. Sareen 01 January 1996-31 December 1998
Air Chief Marshal A.Y. Tipnis 01 January 1999-31 December 2001
Air Chief Marshal S. Krishnaswamys 31 December 2001-31 December 2004
Air Chief Marshal S. P. Tyagi 31 December 2004-31 March 2007
Air Chief Marshal M.F. Major 31 March 2007-31 March 2009
Air Chief Marshal P.V. Naik 31 March 2009 - Incumbent

Chiefs of Naval Staff

Name Tenure
Rear Admiral J.T.S. Hall 15 August 1947-14 August 1948
Admiral Sir Edward Parry 15 August 1948-13 October 1951
Admiral Sir Mark Pizey 14 October 1951-21 July 1955
Vice Admiral Sir Stephen Carlill 22 July 1955-21 April 1958
Vice Admiral R.D. Katari 22 April 1958-4 June 1962
Vice Admiral B.S. Soman 05 June 1962-3 March 1966
Admiral A.K. Chatterjee 04 March 1966-27 February 1970
Admiral S.M. Nanda 28 February 1970-28 February 1973
Admiral S.N. Kohli 01 March 1973-28 February 1976
Admiral J.L. Cursetji 01 March 1976-28 February 1979
Admiral R.L. Pereira 01 March 1979-28 February 1982
Admiral O.S. Dawson 01 March 1982-30 November 1984
Admiral R.H. Tahiliani 01 December 1984-30 November 1987
Admiral J.G. Nadkarni 01 December 1987-30 November 1990
Admiral Ramdas 01 December 1990-30 September 1993
Admiral V.S. Shekhawat 01 October 1993-30 September 1996
Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat 01 October 1996-30 December 1998
Admiral Sushil Kumar 31 December 1998 - 29 December 2001
Admiral Madhvendra Singh 29 December 2001 - 31 July 2004
Admiral Arun Prakash 01 August 2004 - 30 October 2006
Admiral Sureesh Mehta 30 October 2006 - 31 August 2009
Admiral Nirmal Verma 31 August 2009- Incumbent

Chiefs of Army Staff

Name Tenure
General Maharaj Rajendra Sinhji 01 April 1955-14 May 1955
General S.M. Srinagesh 15 May 1955-7 May 1957
General K.S. Thimayya 08 May 1957-7 May 1961
General R.N. Thapar 08 May 1961-19 November 1962
General J.N. Choudhuri 20 November 1962-7 June 1966
General P.P. Kumaramangalam 08 June 1966-7 June 1969
General S.H.F.J. Manekshaw 08 June 1969-31 December 1972
Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw 01 January 1973-14 January 1973
General G.G. Bewoor 15 January 1973-31 May 1975
General T.N. Raina 01 June 1975-31 May 1978
General O.P. Malhotra 01 June 1978-31 May 1981
General K.V. Krishna Rao 01 June 1981-31 July 1983
General A.S. Vaidya 01 August 1983-31 January 1986
General K. Sunderji 01 February 1986-30 April 1988
General V.N. Sharma 01 May 1988-30 June 1990
General S.F. Rodrigues 01 July 1990-30 June 1993
General B.C. Joshi 01 July 1993-18 November 1994
General S. Roychowdhury 22 November 1994-30 September 1997
General V.P. Malik 01 October 1997-30 September 2000
General S. Padmanabhan 30 September 2000-31 December 2002
General J.J. Singh 01 February 2005 - 30 September 2007
General Deepak Kapoor 30 September 2007-30 March 2010
General V.K. Singh 31 March 2010 - Incumbent

Sunday, April 17, 2011

Medical Inventions and Discoveries

Banting—Insulin (as a palliative for diabetes).
Barnard, Christian—Replacing the human heart.
Brahmchari, U.M.—Cure of Kala-a-zar fever.
Davy—Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of chlorine.
Domagk—Sulpha drugs as bactericides.
Eijkman—Cause of Beri-Beri.
Finsen—Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography.
Fleming, Alexander—Penicillin (in 1929).
Harvey—Circulation of blood.
Hahnemann—Homoeopathy (founder).
Hopkins, Frederick Gowland—Vitamin D.
Jenner—Smallpox Vaccination.
Koch—Tubercle Bacillus.
Lainnec—Stethoscope.
Lister, Lord—Antiseptic treatment.
Pasteur, Louis—Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia.
Ronald Ross—Malaria Parasite.
Salk, Jonas E.—Anti-polio Vaccine.
Simpson and Harrison—Chloroform.
Waksman—Streptomycin.

Mechanical Inventions and Discoveries


Austin—Motor Car.
Bell, Graham—Telephone.
Berliner—Microphone.
Brequet—Helicopter.
Bushwell—Submarine.
Caxton—Printing Press.
Colt—Revolver.
Daimler—Gas engine.
Davy—Miner’s Safety Lamp.
Diesel—Internal Combustion engine (Diesel engine).
Dunlop—Pneumatic tyre.
Edison—First electric bulb and gramophone.
Faraday—Dynamo.
Fick—Law of Diffusion—Fick’s Law.
Frank Whittle—Jet propulsion.
Fulton—Stream boat.
Galileo—Telescope.
Gillette—Safety razor.
Guttenburg—Art of Printing.
Hoe—Rotary Printing Press.
Howe—Sewing Machine.
Huygens—Pendulum clock.
James Watt—Steam engine (patented in 1769).
Landstrom, J.E.—Safety Matches.
Macmillan—Bicycle (1842).
Mauser—Magazine of rifle.
Mercator—Celestial and a terrestrial globe.
Montgolfier—Balloon (1883)
Pascal—Calculating Machine.
Puckle, James—Machine gun
Shockley—Transistor.
Sholes—Typewriter.
Stephenson—Railway engine.
Swinton—Military tank.
Torricelli—Barometer.
Watt, Robert Watson—Radar.
W. & O. Wright (Wright Brothers)Aeroplane (1903).
Waterman—Fountain pen.
Zeiss—Lenses; Camera.

Scientific Inventions


YEAR
INVENTION OR DISCOVERY
INVENTOR OR DISCOVERER
NATIONALITY

1590
Compound microscope
Zacharias Janssen
Dutch
1593
Water thermometer
Galileo
Italian
1608
Telescope
Hans Lippershey
Dutch
1625
Blood transfusion
Jean-Baptiste Denys
French
1629
Steam turbine
Giovanni Branca
Italian
1642
Adding machine
Blaise Pascal
French
1643
Barometer
Evangelista Torricelli
Italian
1650
Air pump
Otto von Guericke
German
1656
Pendulum clock
Christiaan Huygens
Dutch
1668
Reflecting telescope
Isaac Newton
English
1671
Calculating machine
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
German
1698
Steam pump
Thomas Savery
English
1701
Seed drill
Jethro Tull
English
1705
Steam engine
Thomas Newcomen
British
1710
Piano
Bartolomeo Cristofori
Italian
1714
Mercury thermometer
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
German
1717
Diving bell
Edmund Halley
English
1725
Stereotyping
William Ged
Scottish
1745
Leyden jar (condenser)
E.G. von Kleist
German
1752
Lightning rod
Benjamin Franklin
American
1758
Achromatic lens
John Dollond
British
1759
Marine chronometer
John Harrison
British
1764
Spinning jenny
James Hargreaves
British
1769
Spinning frame
R. Arkwright
English
1769
Steam engine
(with separate condenser)
James Watt
British
1770
Automobile
Nicholas Joseph Cugnot
French
1775
Submarine
David Bushnell
American
1780
Steel pen
Samuel Harrison
English
1780
Bifocal lens
Benjamin Franklin
American
1783
Balloon
Joseph Michel Montgolfier and
Jacques tienne Montgolfier
French
1784
Threshing machine
Andrew Meikle
British
1785
Power loom
Edmund Cartwright
British
1786
Steamboat
John Fitch
American
1788
Flyball governor
James Watt
British
1791
Gas turbine
John Barber
British
1792
Illuminating gas
William Murdock
Scottish
1793
Cotton gin
Eli Whitney
American
1795
Hydraulic press
Joseph Bramah
English
1796
Lithography
Aloys Senefelder
German
1796
Smallpox vaccination
Edward Jenner
British
1799
Fourdrinier machine (papermaking)
Louis Robert
French
1800
Jacquard Loom
Joseph Marie Jacquard
French
1800
Electric battery
Count Alessandro Volta
Italian
1801
Pattern loom
Joseph Marie Jacquard
French
1804
Screw propeller
John Stevens
American
1804
Solid-fuel rocket
William Congreve
British
1804
Steam locomotive
Richard Trevithick
British
1805
Electroplating
Luigi Gasparo Brugnatelli
Italian
1810
Food preservation
(by sterilization and exclusion of air)
Franois Appert
French
1810
Printing Press
Frederick Koenig
German
1814
Railroad locomotive
George Stephenson
British
1815
Safety lamp
Sir Humphry Davy
British
1816
Bicycle
Karl D. Sauerbronn
German
1819
Stethoscope
Ren Thophile Hyacinthe Lannec
French
1820
Hygrometer
J.F. Daniell
English
1820
Galvanometer
Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger
German
1821
Electric motor
Michael Faraday
British
1823
Electromagnet
William Sturgeon
British
1824
Portland cement
Joseph Aspdin
British
1827
Friction match
John Walker
British
1829
Typewriter
W.A. Burt
American
1829
Braille printing
Louis Braille
French
1830
Platform scales
Thaddeus Fairbanks
American
1830
Sewing machine
Barthlemy Thimonnier
French
1831
Phosphorus match
Charles Sauria
French
1831
Reaper
Cyrus Hall McCormick
American
1831
Dynamo
Michael Faraday
British
1834
Electric streetcar
Thomas Davenport
American
1835
Pistol (revolver)
Samuel Colt
American
1837
Telegraph
Samuel Finley Breese Morse
Sir Charles Wheatstone
American
British
1838
Morse code
Samuel Finley Breese Morse
American
1839
Photography
Louis Jacques Mand
Daguerre and
Joseph Nicphore Niepce
William Henry Fox Talbot
French

British
1839
Vulcanized rubber
Charles Goodyear
American
1839
Steam hammer
James Nasmyth
Scottish
1840
Bicycle
Kirkpatrick MacMillan
British
1845
Pneumatic tire
Robert William Thompson
American
1846
Rotary printing press
Richard March Hoe
American
1846
Guncotton
Christian Friedrich Schnbein
German
1846
Ether
Crawford Williamson Long
American
1849
Reinforced concrete
F.J. Monier
French
1849
Safety pin
Walter Hunt
American
1849
Water turbine
James Bicheno Francis
American
1850
Mercerized cotton
John Mercer
British
1851
Breech-loading rifle
Edward Maynard
American
1851
Opthalmoscope
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand
von Helmholtz
German
1852
Nonrigid airship
Henri Giffard
French
1852
Elevator (with brake)
Elisha Graves Otis
American
1852
Gyroscope
Jean Bernard Lon Foucault
French
1855
Hypodermic syringe
Alexander Wood
Scottish
1855
Safety matches
J.E. Lundstrom
Swedish
1855
Gas burner
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
German
1856
Bessemer converter (steel)
Sir Henry Bessemer
British
1858
Harvester
Charles and William Marsh
American
1859
Spectroscope
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
German
1860
Gas engine
tienne Lenoir
French
1861
Web-fed newspaper printing press
Richard March Hoe
American
1861
Electric furnace
Wilhelm Siemens
British
1861
Machine gun
Richard Jordan Gatling
American
1861
Kinematoscope
Coleman Sellers
American
1865
Antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister
English
1866
Paper (from wood pulp,
sulfite process)
Benjamin Chew Tilghman
American
1866
Dynamite
Alfred Bernhard Nobel
Swedish
1868
Dry cell
Georges Leclanch
French
1868
Typewriter
Carlos Glidden and
Christopher Latham Sholes
American
1868
Air brake
George Westinghouse
American
1870
Celluloid
John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt
American
1874
Quadruplex telegraph
Thomas Alva Edison
American
1876
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
American
1877
Internal-combustion engine
(four-cycle)
Nikolaus August Otto
German
1877
Talking machine (phonograph)
Thomas Alva Edison
American
1877
Microphone
Emile Berliner
American
1877
Electric welding
Elihu Thomson
American
1877
Refrigerator car
G.F. Swift
American
1878
Cathode ray tube
Sir William Crookes
British
1879
Cash register
James J. Ritty
American
1879
Incandescent filament lamp
Thomas Alva Edison
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
American
British
1879
Automobile engine (two-cycle)
Karl Benz
German
1879
Arc lamp
Charles Francis Bush
American
1880
Linotype
Ottmar Mergenthaler
American
1884
Steam turbine
C.A. Parsons
English
1884
Rayon (nitrocellulose)
Comte Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet
French
1884
Multiple-wheel steam turbine
Sir Charles Algernon Parsons
British
1884
Nipkow disk (mechanical
television scanning device)
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow
German
1884
Fountain pen
Lewis Edson Waterman
American
1885
Graphophone (dictating machine)
Chichester A. Bell and
Charles Sumner Tainter
American
1885
AC transformer
William Stanley
American
1887
Air-inflated rubber tire
J.B. Dunlop
Scottish
1887
Gramophone (disk records)
Emile Berliner
American
1887
Gas mantle
Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach
Austrian
1887
Mimeograph
Albert Blake Dick
American
1887
Monotype
Tolbert Lanston
American
1888
Adding machine (recording)
William Seward Burroughs
American
1888
Kodak camera
George Eastman
American
1889
Steam turbine
C.G. de Laval
Swedish
1890
Rayon (cuprammonium)
Louis Henri Despeissis
French
1891
Glider
Otto Lilienthal
German
1891
Synthetic rubber
Sir William Augustus Tilden
British
1892
AC motor
Nikola Tesla
American
1892
Three-color camera
Frederick Eugene Ives
American
1892
Rayon (viscose)
Charles Frederick Cross
British
1892
Vacuum bottle (Dewar flask)
Sir James Dewar
British
1893
Photoelectric cell
Julius Elster
Hans F. Geitel
German
1893
Diesel engine
Rudolf Diesel
German
1893
Gasoline automobile
Charles Edgar Duryea and
J. Frank Duryea
American
1893
Motion picture machine
Thomas Alva Edison
American
1894
Motion picture projection
Louis Jean Lumire and
Auguste Marie Lumire
Charles Francis Jenkins
French

American
1895
X-ray
Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen
German
1895
Rayon (acetate)
Charles Frederick Cross
British
1896
Experimental airplane
Samuel Pierpont Langley
American
1896
Wireless telegraph
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi
Italian
1898
Sensitized photographic paper
Leo Hendrik Baekeland
American
1900
Rigid dirigible airship
Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin
German
1902
Radiotelephone
Valdemar Poulsen
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
Danish
American
1903
Airplane
Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright
American
1903
Electrocardiograph
Willem Einthoven
Dutch
1905
Diode rectifier tube (radio)
Sir John Ambrose Fleming
British
1906
Gyrocompass
Hermann Anschotz-Kompfe
German
1907
Bakelite
Leo Hendrik Baekeland
American
1907
Triode amplifier tube (radio)
Lee De Forest
American
1908
Two-color motion picture camera
C. Albert Smith
British
1909
Salvarsan
Paul Ehrlich
German
1910
Hydrogenation of coal
Friedrich Bergius
German
1910
Gyroscopic compass and stabilizer
Elmer Ambrose Sperry
American
1911
Air conditioning
W.H. Carrier
American
1911
Vitamins
Casimir Funk
Polish
1911
Cellophane
Jacques Edwin Brandenberger
Swiss
1911
Neon lamp
Georges Claude
French
1912
Mercury-vapor lamp
Peter Cooper Hewitt
American
1913
Ramjet engine
Reno Lorin
French
1913
Multigrid electron tube
Irving Langmuir
American
1913
Cracked gasoline
William Meriam Burton
American
1913
Heterodyne radio receiver
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
American
1915
Automobile self-starter
Charles Franklin Kettering
American
1916
Browning gun (automatic rifle)
John Moses Browning
American
1916
Gas-filled incandescent lamp
Irving Langmuir
American
1916
X-ray tube
William David Coolidge
American
1919
Mass spectrograph
Sir Francis William Aston
Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
British
American
1922
Insulin
Sir Frederick Grant Banting
Canadian
1922-26
Sound motion pictures
T.W. Case
American
1923
Television iconoscope
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin
American
1925
Quick-frozen food
Clarence Birdseye
American
1925
Television image dissector tube
Philo Taylor Farnsworth
American
1926
Liquid-fuel rocket
Robert Hutchings Goddard
American
1928
Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming
British
1930
Nylon (fiber-forming
synthetic polyamides)
Wallace Hume Carothers
American
1930
Bathysphere
(Charles) William Beebe
American
1930
Freon (low-boiling fluorine
compounds)
Thomas Midgley and coworkers
American
1930
Modern gas-turbine engine
Sir Frank Whittle
British
1930
Neoprene (synthetic rubber)
Father Julius Arthur Nieuwland and
Wallace Hume Carothers
American
1931
Cyclotron
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
American
1931
Differential analyzer
(analogue computer)
Vannevar Bush
American
1932
Phase contrast microscope
Frits Zernike
Dutch
1932
Van de Graaff generator
Robert Jemison Van de Graaff
American
1933
Frequency modulation (FM)
Edwin Howard Armstrong
American
1935
Buna (synthetic rubber)
German scientists
German
1935
Radiolocator (radar)
Sir Robert Watson-Watt
British
1935
Cortisone
Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeus Reichstein
American
Swiss
1935
Electron microscope
German scientists
German
1935
Sulfanllamide
Gerhard Domagk
German
1936
Twin-rotor helicopter
Heinrich Focke
German
1937
Nylon
Wallace Hume Carothers
American
1939
DDT
Paul Moller
Swiss
1939
Helicopter
Igor Sikorsky
American
1940
Betatron
Donald William Kerst
American
1941
Turbojet aircraft engine
Sir Frank Whittle
British
1942
Guided missile
Wernher von Braun
German
1942
Nuclear reactor
Enrico Fermi
American
1942
Xerography
Chester Carlson
American
1944
V-2 (rocket-propelled bomb)
German scientists
German
1945
Atomic bomb
U.S. government scientists
American
1945
Streptomycin
Selman A. Waksman
American
1946
Electronic digital computer
John Presper Eckert, Jr., and
John W. Mauchly
American
1947
Holography
Dennis Gabon
English
1947
Chlormycetin
Mildred Rebstock
American
1947
Polaroid Land camera
Edwin Herbert Land
American
1947
Bathyscaphe
Auguste Piccard
Swiss
1947
Microwave oven
Percy L. Spencer
American
1948
Scintillation counter
Hartmut Kallmann
German
1948
Aureomycin
Benjamin Minge Duggar and
Chandra Bose Subba Row
American
1948
Transistor
John Bardeen,
Walter Houser Brattain, and
William Shockley
American
1949
Ramjet airplane
Reno Leduc
French
1950
Color television
Peter Carl Goldmark
American
1952
Hydrogen bomb
U.S. government scientists
American
1952
Bubble chamber
(nuclear particle detector)
Donald Arthur Glaser
American
1953
Maser
Charles Townes
American
1954
Solar battery
Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists
American
1954
Polio vaccine
Jonas Salk
American
1955
Synthetic diamonds
General Electric scientists
American
1955
Carbon dating
W.F. Libby
American
1956
Hovercraft
Christopher Cockerell
English
1956
First prototype rotary engine
Felix Wankel
German
1956
Videotape
Charles Ginsberg
Ray Dolby
American
1957
Sodium-cooled atomic reactor
U.S. government scientists
American
1957
Artificial earth satellite
USSR government scientists
Soviet
1958
Communications satellite
U.S. government scientists
American
1959
Integrated circuit
Jack Kilby
Robert Noyce
American
1960
Laser
Charles Hard Townes,
Arthur L. Schawlow, and
Gordon Gould
American
1960
Chlorophyll synthesized
Robert Burns Woodward
American
1960
Birth-control pill
Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and
Min-chueh Chang
American
1962
Light-emitting diode (LED)
Nick Holonyak, Jr.
American
1964
Liquid-crystal display
George Heilmeier
American
1966
Artificial heart (left ventricle)
Michael Ellis DeBakey
American
1967
Human heart transplant
Christiaan Neethling Barnard
South Africa
1970
First complete synthesis of a gene
Har Gobind Khorana
American
1971
Microprocessor
Ted Hoff
American
1971
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Raymond Damadian
American
1972
Electronic pocket calculator
J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman
American
1972
First magnetohydrodynamic
power generator
USSR government scientists
Soviet
1973
Skylab orbiting space laboratory
U.S. government scientists
American
1974
Recombinant DNA
(genetic engineering)
U.S. scientists
American
1975
CAT (computerized axial
tomography) scanner
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
British
1975
Fiberoptics
Bell Laboratories
American
1976
Supercomputer
J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray
American
1978
Synthesis of human insulin genes
Roberto Crea, Tadaaki Hirose,
Adam Kraszewski, and
Keiichi Itakura
American
1978
Mammal to mammal gene transplants
Paul Berg, Richard Mulligan, and
Bruce Howard
American
1978
Jarvik-7 artificial heart
Robert K. Jarvik
American
1979
Compact disc
Joop Sinjou
Toshi Tada Doi
Dutch
Japanese
1979
Genetic flaw repaired in mouse cells
by recombinant DNA and micromanipulation techniques
W. French Anderson and coworkers
American
1981
Space transportation system
(space shuttle)
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration engineers
American
1983
Scanning tunneling microscope
Gerd Binnig
Heinrich Rohrer
German
Swiss
1986
High-temperature superconductors
J. Georg Bednorz
Karl A. Moller
German
Swiss