List of Secretaries General of UNASUR

Name		State	National party	Took office	Left office
1	Néstor Kirchner Néstor Carlos Kirchner	Argentina	Front for Victory—Justicialist Party	4 May 2010	27 October 2010
		The first Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations and died in office.
Post vacant by death
2	María Emma Mejía María Emma Mejía Vélez	Colombia	Alternative Democratic Pole—Colombian Liberal Party	9 May 2011	11 June 2012
		The second Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations.
3	Alí Rodríguez Alí Rodríguez Araque	Venezuela	United Socialist Party of Venezuela	11 June 2012	Incumbent
		The third Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations.

List of Secretaries General of The Organization of American States

No.	Period	Name	Country
1	1948–1954	AlbertoLlerasCamargo	Colombia
2	1954–1955	Carlos Dávila Died while in office	Chile
3	1956–1968	José A. Mora	Uruguay
4	1968–1975	Galo Plaza	Ecuador
5	1975–1984	Alejandro Orfila	Argentina
6	1984–1994	João ClementeBaena Soares	Brazil
7	1994–2004	César Gaviria Re-elected to a second term at the 1999 General Assembly	Colombia
8	15 September 2004 – 15 October 2004	Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Resigned	Costa Rica
–	15 October 2004 – 26 May 2005	Luigi R.Einaudi(acting)	United States
9	26 May 2005 – present	José Miguel Insulza Elected 2 May 2005 (see: OAS Secretary General election, 2005)	Chile

List of Secretaries General of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

No.	Name	Country of origin	Took Office	Left Office
1	Tunku Abdul Rahman	Malaysia	1971	1974
2	Hassan Al-Touhami	Egypt	1974	1975
3	Amadou Karim Gaye	Senegal	1975	1979
4	Habib Chatty	Tunisia	1979	1984
5	Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada	Pakistan	1984	1988
6	Hamid Algabid	Niger	1988	1996
7	Azeddine Laraki	Morocco	1996	2000
8	Abdelouahed Belkeziz	Morocco	2000	2004
9	Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu	Turkey	2004	2014
10	Iyad bin Amin Madani	Saudi Arabia	2014

List of Secretaries General of Organization of American States

S.No.	Period	Name	Country
1	1948–1954	Alberto Lleras Camargo	Colombia
2	1954–1955	Carlos Dávila Died while in office	Chile
3	1956–1968	José A. Mora	Uruguay
4	1968–1975	Galo Plaza	Ecuador
5	1975–1984	Alejandro Orfila	Argentina
6	1984–1994	João Clemente Baena Soares	Brazil
7	1994–2004	César Gaviria Re-elected to a second term at the 1999 General Assembly	Colombia
8	15 September 2004 – 15 October 2004	Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Resigned	Costa Rica
–	15 October 2004 – 26 May 2005	Luigi R. Einaudi (acting)	United States
9	26 May 2005 – present	José Miguel Insulza Elected 2 May 2005 (see:OAS Secretary General election, 2005)	Chile

List of Secretaries General of the European Commission

S.No.	Name	Start period	End period
1	Catherine Day	2005	Present
2	David O'Sullivan	2000	2005
3	Carlo Trojan	1997	2000
4	David Williamson, CB	1987	1997
5	Emile Noel	1957	1987

NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES

MALARIA
The National Anti-Malaria Programme is the world’s biggest health programme against a single communicable disease and continues to be the country’s most comprehensive and multi-faceted public health activity. Earlier deaths due to malaria were completely eliminated. Unfortunately, due to various factors, these achievements could not be maintained. Resurgence of malaria necessitated renewed vigourous anti-malaria activities and the programme was modified in the context of escalating malaria incidence. During the year 2008, 1.52 million cases and 0.76 million pf. cases with 935 deaths have been reported.

FILARIA
Lymphatic Filariasis is a serious debilitating and incapacitating. The infected person may develop swelling limbs and genitals which keep on increasing making the person incapacitated. This disease has been reported from over 250 districts in 20 states and UTs wherein over 590 million people live. The National Filaria control programme is being implemented since 1955. The national health policy has envisaged the goal of lymphatic filariasis elimination by the year 2015. In 2005, in 229 districts, 346.89 million persons were administered a dose of DEC against targeted population of 434.49 million, showing a coverage rate of 79.84%.

KALA-AZAR
Kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani transmitted by sandflies phlebotomus orgentipes. Kala-azar is endemic in Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and parts of Uttar Pradesh. National Health Policy, has envisaged the goal of Kala-azar elimination by the year 2010. The disease incidence has come down from 77,099 cases in 1992 to 44553 cases in 2007 and deaths from 1416 to 203 respectively. During the year 2008,33234 cases and 146 deaths have been reported. While till March, 2009, 2254 cases and 5 deaths were reported.

TUBERCLUOSIS
TB is serious public health problem in India. India accounts for nearly onefifth of Global TB burden. Every year there are approximately 19 lakh new cases in the country of which approximately 8 lakh are new smear positive and therefore highly infectious. To control TB, national TB control programme (NTCP) is in operation in the country since 1962. Two persons die from TB in India every three minutes more than 900 persons every day. In the year 2008, there were 3.8 million bacillary pulmonary cases, 3.9 million abacillary cases and 0.8 million extra-pulmonary cases.

LEPROSY The National Leprosy Control programme was launched by the Government of India in 1955. It was redesignated as the National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) in 1983. The second phase of National Leprosy elimination project was started from 1 April 2001 for a period of three years with the objective to achieve elimination of Leprosy as a public health problem by 2005, thereby reducing the case load to less than 1/10,000 population. In the year 1981, the country had a prevalance of 57.6 cases per 10,000 population which has come down to 0.72 per 10,000 population in March 2009.

BLINDNESS
The national programme for control of Blindness (NPCB) was launched in the year 1976 with the goal of reducing prevalence of blindness to 0.3 percent. As per survey in 2001-02, prevalence of blindness is estimated to be 1.1%. As per the survey conducted during 2006-07, the estimated prevalence of blindness has come down to 1%.

AIDS The AIDS programme implementation has been completely decentralized to States and Union Territories. Each state and Union territory has registered a state AIDs control society (SACS) responsible for implementating the programme at the State/UT level. In 2006, the country is estimated to have 3.1 million HIV positive persons, with an estimated adult HIV prevalence of 0.36%. Trends of HIV infection in 2006 indicate a mixed response in the country. While there is increase in some areas, in other areas it has shown decline. India continues to be in the category of concentrated epidemic. A total of 1,82,787 AIDS cases have been reported since 1986 till 31st March 2007.

MENTAL DISEASE
The national health programme was started in 1982 for providing community based mental health care using the existing public health infrastructure. The WHO report on Global Burden diseases has projected mental illness to be the fourth major cause of morbidity. Several mental disorders that include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, organic psychosis and major depression affect nearly 20 per 1000 population.

CANCER
Cancer is an important public health problem in India with nearly 8-9 lakh new cases occurring every year in the country. It is estimated that there are 25 lakh cases of cancer in the country at any given point of time.According to a survey 40% of the cancer cases are due to comsumption of tobacco. With the objectives of prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, the National Cancer, Control programme (NCCP) was launched in 1975-76. The programme was revised in 1984-85 and subsequently in December 2005. There are 23 regional Cancer Centres recognized under the programme in different parts of countries to provide the specialized treatment and undertake research in the field of cancer.

REGIONAL RURAL BANKS

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) had been established to take the banking services to the doorsteps of rural masses especially in remote rural areas with no access to banking services. These banks were originally intended to provide institutional credit to those weaker sections of the society at concessional rate of interest, who depend on private money-lenders. The banks were also intended to mobilise and channelise rural savings for supporting productive activities in the rural areas. However, with effect from 22 March 1997, the RRBs were allowed to lend outside the target group by classifying their advances into ‘Priority Sector’ and ‘others’. Similarly the interest rates on term deposits offered by RRBs have also been freed. Subsequently, it has been decided to permit RRBs at their discretion to offer differential rate of interest on their term deposits of maturity subject to certain conditions. The credit outstanding of all the 196 RRBs stood at Rs. 32,870 crore as at the end of March 2005 and Rs. 62,143 crore was mobilized as deposits by RRBs till that date.

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 on 1 April 1935 and nationalised on 1 January 1949. The Bank acts as banker to the Central Government, state governments, commercial banks, state co-operative banks and some of the financial institutions. It formulates and administers monetary policy with a view to ensuring stability in prices while promoting higher production in the real sector through proper deployment of credit. RBI plays an important role in maintaining the stability of exchange value of the rupee and acts as an agent of the Government in respect of India’s membership of International Monetary Fund. The Reserve Bank also performs a variety of developmental and promotional functions. These apart, the Reserve Bank also handles the borrowing programme of the Government of India.

The Reserve Bank is the sole authority for issue of currency in India other than one rupee coins and subsidiary coins and notes.

As the agent of the Central Government, the Reserve Bank undertakes distribution of one-rupees notes and coins, as well as small coins issued by the Government.

Countries by rail transport network size

Rank	Country	Railway Length (km)
1	India	65,000
2	Russia	128,000
3	China (PRC)	93,000
4	United States	226,427
5	Canada	46,552
6	Australia	38,445
7	Germany	37,679
8	Argentina	35,897
9	South Africa	31,000
10	France	29,901
11	Brazil	29,817
12	Mexico	26,704
13	Italy	24,179
14	Japan	23,474
15	Ukraine	22,300
16	Romania	22,298
17	Poland	19,627
18	United Kingdom	16,321
19	Kazakhstan	15,079
20	Spain	15,064
21	Sweden	12,821
22	Iran	11,106
23	Turkey	10,991
24	Czech Republic	9,487
25	Indonesia	8,529
26	Hungary	7,942
27	Pakistan	7,791
28	Egypt	6,700
29	Finland	5,919
30	Chile	5,898
31	Austria	5,927
32	Belarus	5,491
33	Sudan	5,478
34	North Korea	5,235
35	Cuba	5,076
36	Switzerland	5,063
37	Algeria	4,316
38	Uzbekistan	4,230
39	Bulgaria	4,159
40	New Zealand	4,128
41	Norway	4,114
42	Thailand	4,071
43	Democratic Republic of the Congo	4,007
44	Myanmar (Burma)	3,955
45	Serbia	3,809
46	Slovakia	3,658
47	Nigeria	3,528
48	Belgium	3,513
49	South Korea	3,381
50	Turkmenistan	3,181
51	Vietnam	3,147
52	Mozambique	3,116
53	Zimbabwe	3,000
54	Uruguay	2,993
55	Netherlands	2,896
56	Bolivia	2,866
57	Portugal	2,842
58	Bangladesh	2,835
59	Kenya	2,778
60	Angola	2,761
61	Tanzania	2,722
62	Croatia	2,974
63	Greece	2,552
64	Namibia	2,382
65	Latvia	2,269
66	Tunisia	2,218
67	Syria	2,139
68	Denmark	2,667
69	Azerbaijan	2,918
70	Iraq	2,032
71	Peru	2,020
72	Morocco	1,989
73	Republic of Ireland	1,919
74	Malaysia	1,849
75	Mongolia	1,810
76	Lithuania	1,766
77	Colombia	1,663
78	Taiwan (Republic of China)	1,661
79	Georgia	1,513
80	Sri Lanka	1,508
81	Saudi Arabia	1,412
82	Zambia	1,237
83	Slovenia	1,228
84	Moldova	1,156
85	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,103
86	Israel	1,001
87	Cameroon	974
88	Ecuador	966
89	Ghana	953
90	Senegal	906
91	Botswana	888
92	Guatemala	885
93	Madagascar	854
94	Armenia	869
95	Guinea	837
96	Estonia	816
97	Gabon	810
98	Malawi	797
99	Republic of the Congo	795
100	Djibouti	781
101	Benin	758
102	Mali	733
103	Mauritania	728
104	Honduras	699
105	Macedonia	699
106	Ethiopia	699
107	Cambodia	650
108	Côte d'Ivoire	639
109	Burkina Faso	622
110	Tajikistan	616
111	Fiji	597
112	Togo	568
113	El Salvador	562
114	Dominican Republic	517
115	Liberia	490
116	Philippines	479
117	Albania	423
118	Kyrgyzstan	417
119	Lebanon	401
120	Panama	355
121	Venezuela	336
122	Eritrea	306
123	Swaziland	301
124	Costa Rica	278
125	Luxembourg	275
126	Jamaica	272
127	Uganda	259
128	Jordan	251
129	Montenegro	249
130	Hong Kong (People's Republic Of China)	210
131	Singapore	199.4
132	Guyana	187
133	Suriname	166
134	Puerto Rico (US)	96
135	Sierra Leone	84
136	Antigua and Barbuda	77
137	Afghanistan	75
138	Nepal	59
139	United Arab Emirates	52
140	Saint Kitts and Nevis	50
141	Haiti	40
142	Paraguay	36
143	Brunei	13
144	Liechtenstein	9
145	Nicaragua	6
146	Nauru	5
147	Western Sahara	5
148	Laos	4
149	Lesotho	3
150	Monaco	1.7
151	Vatican City	0.862
	World	1,370,782

IMPORTANT FACTS

1.     The Speaker is the presiding officer of the lower house (Lok Sabha) of Parliament of India.
2.     The Speaker holds office from the date of election till immediately before the first meeting of the next Lok Sabha. He/She is eligible for re-election.
3.     On the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, although the Speaker ceases to be a member of the House, he/she does not vacate her office.
4.     The Speaker may, at any time, resign from office by writing under his/her hand to the Deputy Speaker.
5.     He/she decides whether a bill is a money bill or a non money bill.
6.     He/she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them.
7.     He/she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like themotion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules.
8.     The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting.
9.     The first speaker of the Lok Sabha was Shri G.V. Mavalankar.
10.     Meira Kumar is the first women speaker of the Indian Parliament.
11.     The UK is a country in north-western Europe. It is bordered to the south by the English Channel; to the east by the North Sea; to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
12.     The United Kingdom is made up of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
13.     England, Scotland and Wales together forms Great Britain.
14.     Great Britain and Northern Ireland together form the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (UK).
15.     The UK is a developed country and has the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth-largest economy by purchasing power parity.
16.     It was the world's first industrialised country.
17.     The UK is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946. It has been a member of the European Union and its predecessor the European Economic Community since 1973.
18.     The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London is the defining point of the Prime Meridian.
19.     The UK's de facto official language is English (British English). According to the 2011 census, Polishhas become the second largest language spoken in England.
20.     England's national sport is cricket although some of England's football teams are world famous, such as Manchester United, Arsenal and Liverpool.
21.     A mountain pass is a saddle point between two areas of higher elevations and makes a path for crossing between the chains of mountains.
22.     The Khardung la's pass is located at the Ladakh range of the Himalayan ranges. It is a gateway to the valleys of Shyok and Nubra.
23.     The Karakoram pass is located in the Karakoram Ranges between Jammu and Kashmir border and the Xingjiang region of China.
24.     Bara-lacha la is present in Zanskar range connecting Lahaul district in Himachal Pradesh to Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, situated along the Leh-Manali highway.
25.     Jelep La is a high mountain pass between India and Tibet in East Sikkim District of Sikkim. It connects Lhasa to India.
26.     Nama Pass is located in eastern Kumaun region of the Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India. It links Kuthi and Darma Valley.
27.     Nathu La connects the Indian state of Sikkim with China's Tibet Autonomous Region.
28.     Rohtang Pass is a high mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas, connects the Kullu Valley with the Lahaul and Spiti Valleys of Himachal Pradesh, India.
29.     Shipki La is a mountain pass and border post on the India-China border. The river Sutlej enters India (from Tibet) through this pass.
30.     Zoji La is a high mountain pass in India, located on the Indian National Highway 1 between Srinagar and Leh in the western section of the Himalayan mountain range.
31.     A credit card is a payment card issued to users to pay for goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for them to banks within stipulated time.
32.     The credit card issuer gives a certain amount of time to pay back all of what holder has borrowed before they charge interest. This period of time is called the grace period and is usually between 20 and 25 days.
33.     Zero interest credit cards or interest free credit cards help customers to avoid paying interest on credit, if they repay the debt within a specified period of time.
34.     In 1950, Diners Club became the first company to offer a credit card that could be used at multiple locations.
35.     A Debit card is essentially like an ATM card. When a person makes any purchases using a debit card, then bank account is instantaneously debited to the extent of the purchase amount.
36.     Benefits to customers include: convenience; rewards and benefits packages; also offer reward points which may be redeemed for cash, products, or airline tickets.
37.     Credit Card associations are an association of card-issuing banks such as Discover, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, etc. that set transaction terms for merchants, card-issuing banks, and acquiring banks.
38.     Visa International has the largest global ATM network in over 113 countries.
39.     According to 2009-10, credit card users in India are 18.3 million whereas debit card users are 181.4 million.
40.     On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world's first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
41.     It was done on the executive order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman.
42.     The atomic bomb was equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT, it has flattened the city and killed tens of thousands of civilians.
43.     Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people.
44.     Later Japan's Emperor Hirohito announced his country's unconditional surrender in World War II on August 15, citing the devastating power of "a new and most cruel bomb."
45.     Since then, more have died from leukemia and solid cancers attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs.
46.     The effects of the bombing of Hiroshima are still felt today. For generations after the bombing, children were born with severe health defects that are believed to be connected to the effects of the bomb's radiation.
47.     Hiroshima was chosen because it had not been targeted during the US Air Force's conventional bombing raids on Japan and it was also an important military base.
48.     After the war, Hiroshima was rebuilt as a peace memorial city and the closest surviving building to the epicentre was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial.
49.     Hiroshima has been declared a City of Peace by the Japanese Parliament.
50.     Rare earth elements or rare earth metals are a group of seventeen elements in the Periodic Table from Atomic no. 57 to 71.