Continents and Highest Points

Continents	Highest Point
Africa	Mount Kilimanjaro
Antarctica	Vinson Massif
Asia	Mount Everest
Australia	Puncak Jaya
Europe	Mount Elbrus
North America	Mount McKinley
South America	Aconcagua

Lakes and Rivers

• Lake Baikal (Russia) is the deepest lake of the world.One of the biggest and most ancient lakes of world is situated nearly in the center of Asia in a huge stone bowl set 445 m above sea level. Everyone who has been to its shores is impressed and charmed by the grandeur, size, and unusual might of this Siberian miracle of nature. Other important lakes in Russia are Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga.
• Lake Eyre is a important lake of Australia.
• Lake Onakal (Uganda) and Lake Aswan (Egypt) are man made lakes.
• Lake Tso Sekuru located on the Tibetan Plateau is the highest lake of the world.
• Lake Titicaca, located at the boundary of Bolivia and Peru is the highest navigable lake of the world.
  The highest lake in India is Devtal, located at a height of 17,745 ft in the Garhwal Himalayas.
• Dead Sea is the lowest lake of the world, its base is located 2500 ft below the sea level.
• Lake Van (Turkey) is the most saline lake of the world, with salinity of330%. It is followed by Dead Sea (238%) Jordan, and Great Salt Lake (220% salinity) USA.
• Caspian Sea is the largest lake of the world. It is a salt water lake. Ural and Volga rivers drain into it from the north, therefore its northern part is less saline.
• Lake Victoria, forms the border between Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya.
• Lake Nyasa or Lake. Malawi forms the border of Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique.
• Lake Tanganyika forms the border of Zaire. Tanzania and Zambia.
• Lake Superior is the largest fresh water lake of the world.
• The nuclear test range of China is located near the lake Lop Nor.
• Lake Chad forms the border of Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Camroon.
• Lake Great Bear it is famous as Port Radium.
• Lake Athabasca famous as Uranium City.
• LakeVolta in Ghana is a largest man made lake.
• Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela is famous for oil reserves.
• Wular Lake: Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia and the largest in India, is located in Jammu and Kashmir. It is measures 24 kms across and surrounded by towering mountains, The green water of the Wular Lake is an important natural habitat for fish, a rich population of birds and wildlife. Thousands of people living on its shores and elsewhere in the Kashmir valley depend on Wular Lake for fishing to earn their livelihood.
• Dal Lake: The Kashmir valley is blessed with exotic natural beauty of landscape and water bodies, out of them one of the best is Dal Lake. Dal Lake is one of the most beautiful lakes of India and is the second largest in the J&K valley. This is one of the most famous lakes in India and an icon of the Kashmir tourism industry. Apart from the natural beauty, Dal Lake attractions are The floating gardens, colorful shikaras and houseboats. The east of Dal Lake was the residence of goddess Maa Durga. The Dal lake is situated in the beautiful city of Srinaga,Some of the most famous mosques are also located in Srinagar city to visit.
• Loktak Lake: Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India, located in Manipur. It is also called the only floating lake in the world due to the floating phumdis. This ancient lake plays an important role in the economy of Manipur. It serves as a source of water for hydro power generation, irrigation drinking water supply and wildlife. The Keibul Lamjao National Park, which is the last natural refuge of the endangered sangai now found only in manipur.
• Chilka Lake: Chilka Lake is the brackish water lake and is the largest coastal lake in India. The Chilka Lake in situated in Orissa and is Asia’s largest inland salt-water lagoon. Brackish water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. Chilika Lake, popularly known as Chilka, is the queen of natural scenery in the tribal state Orissa, also known as the Swiss-lake in the continent. Attraction of chilika lake are fishing boats, migratory birds and an entertaining baba. The beautiful chilka lake is paradise for the migratory birds.
• Pulicat lake: It is a saline backwater lake lying along the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh coast; part extending to Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu. It has an area of 481 sq.KM and it is the 2nd largest brackish water lagoon in India after Chilka lake in Orissa.

Rivers

• The Ganga : The source of Ganga is at Gaumukh (the shape of the ice formation is like a cow's mouth), where the mighty river emerges from the depths of Gangotri glacier. The Gangotri glacier is situated at the height of4255 m above sea level and is approximate 24 km in length and 7-8 km in width. Here the river is known as Bhagirathi after King -Bhagirath. Rising in the icy caves of Gangotri glacier, the gushing , tossing and gurgling Bhagirathi starts its long journey downwards where later it joins river 'Alaknanda' and becomes Ganga. There are many legends associated with river Ganga, some of which are even mentioned in the ancient holy scriptures.
• The Godavari : It is the only river in India that flows from western to southern India and is considered to be one of the big river basins in India. With a length of 1465 km, it is the second longest river in India after the Ganges river. .It is also known as "Dakshin ganga (Southern Ganges)" or "Budi Ganga". Godavari originates near Trimbak in Nashik District of Maharashtra state and flows east across the Deccan Plateau into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh.
• The Kavery : The origin of this river is traditionally placed at Talakaveri, Kodagu in the Western Ghats in Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths. The Kaveri basin is estimated to be 27,700 square miles (72,000 km2)
• Krishna River starts its journey in the Western Ghats at an altitude of about 1300 metres above sea level in Mahabaleshwar. The river passes through Sangli District and enters the sea in the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaledevi in Andra Pradesh. It passes through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andra Pradesh.
• Narmada River : This river rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state .It traverses the first 320 kilometres course around the Mandla Hills, which form the head of the Satpura Range; then moves towards Jabalpur passing through the `Marble Rocks`, it enters the Narmada Valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, and moves westwards towards the Gulf of Cambay. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, and finally meets the Arabian Sea in the Bharuch District of Gujarat. Narmada River flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh 1,077 km (669.2 miles), Maharashtra, 74 km (46.0 miles)), 35 km (21.7 miles) border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and 39 km (24.2 miles) border between Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and in Gujarat 161 km (100.0 miles)).
• The river Brahmaputra is one of the major river in the world. It originates from Mansarovar near Mount Kailash in the Himalayas, flows via Tibbet, China, India and Bangladesh to Bay of bangal. The total length it travels from Himalayans to the Bay is 2900 Km. In Tibbet the river is known as 'Tsangpo'. It follows the great Himalayans in its course till India with an avergae height of 4000 meters. It enters India in Arunachal Pradesh where it is called 'Siang'. It then flows down to the plains of Assam, where it is called Dibang. It joins with other two giant rivers, Dibang and Lohit.
• The Mahanadi River rises in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh and then flows in the eastward direction, cutting a ravine in the Eastern Ghat. Before joining the Bay of Bengal at False Point through several channels, the river enters the plains of Orissa near Cuttack and forms a delta. This delta is one of the largest mangrove forests in peninsular India, and also a rice producing area. The term `Mahanadi` means Great River and it is truly one of the largest rivers in southeast India and the sixth largest in India. The Tel and the Hadso are the main tributaries of the Mahanadi. Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa share are drained by the Mahanadi.
• Tapti is a river of western India and the history of this river starts with its origin in the Betul district. It rises in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh and flows between two spurs of the Satpura Hills, across the plateau of Khandesh, and thence through the plain of Surat to the sea. It has a total length of around 724 km. and drains an area of 30,000 sq. m. For the last 32 m. of its course, it is a tidal flow, but is only navigable by vessels of small tonnage; and the port of Swally at its mouth. The history of this river is closely associated with the Anglo Portuguese history. The upper reaches of the river are now deserted, owing to silting at the outflow of the river. The waters of the Tapti are usually not used for irrigation.
• Yamuna River : The main stream of the river Yamuna originated from the Yamunotri glacier near Bandar Punch in the Mussorie range of lower Himalayas in the district of Uttar Kashi in Uttarakhand. Some say the source of the river is the Saptarishi Kund, a glacial lake. There is a sacred shrine of Yamunotri or Yamnotri, near this source at an altitude of 3235 m. The Tons and Giri rivers are the important tributaries of Yamuna and principal source of water in mountaineous range. The river Yamuna traverse a route length of about 1200 km in the plain from Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh to the confluence with river Ganga at Allahabad.
• Nile River (4,132 miles 6,650 km.) : The Nile River is the longest river in the world. It has its origins in Burundi, south of the Equator, and flows northward through north eastern Africa, eventually flowing through Egypt and finally draining into the Mediterranean Sea. Three principal streams form the Nile. In Ethiopia's highlands, water flows from the Blue Nile and the Atbara. Headstreams of the White Nile flow into Lake Victoria and Lake Albert. The Nile River basin is immense and occupies an area about one-tenth of the continent of Africa. It includes portions of Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, The Sudan, and Egypt. It is estimated to drain an area of 1,293,000 square miles (3,349,000 sq. km.)
• Amazon : The length of the Amazon River is approximately 6400 kilometres (4000 miles). The Amazon River is located in South America. It runs through Guyana, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru.
• Mississippi-Missouri River : The Mississippi is the world's fourth-longest river at 3,870 miles, including the Missouri River. It flows from its source, at Lake Itasca, in Minnesota, to the Gulf of Mexico. It is the longest river in the United States. This river forms the Bird-foot Delta.
• Rio-Grande : This river forms the border between the USA and the Mexico.
• St Lawrence River : This river forms the biggest inland waterway of the world. Niagara Fall is located on this river.
• Colorado River : World famous Grand Canyon and Hoover Dam are located on this river. Rhine River. This river forms the busiest waterway in Europe. This river is also called 'Coal River'. The busiest port of the Europe, Rotterdam, is situated on the mouth of this river.
• Danube River : This river, originating from the Black Forest Mountains of Germany and flowing through the capitals of five European nations - Belgrade (Yugoslavia), Bratislava (Slovania), Bucharest (Romania), Budapest (Hungary) and Vienna (Austria) - falls into the Black Sea.
• Volga River : This is the longest river of Europe. It originates from the Voldai Hills and drains into the Caspian Sea.
• Niger River : The river Niger, draining into the Gulf of Guinea, is also known as the 'Oil River'.
• Zambezi River : Victoria Fall and Kariba dam are located on this river.
• Congo/Zaire River : This river intersects the Equator twice. Stanley and Livingston Falls are located on this river.
• Amur River : This river forms the border of Russia and China.
• Mekong River : This is the longest river of South-East Asia.
• Murray-Darling River : This river originates from the Mt Kosciusko and is the largest river of Australia.
• R. Limppo : This river which originates from the high velds of South Africa, cuts across the tropic of Capricorn twice.
• R. Mahe : This river of India cuts across the tropic of Cancer twice.
• Seine River: The Seine is a 776 km (482 mi)-long river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France. It rises at Source-Seine, 30 kilometres northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre.
• Tigris River: River that was a boundary of Mesopotamia, or the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) The Tigris was the eastern of the two rivers and flowed from a source deep in the Armenian mountains all the way to the Persian Gulf, about 1,200 miles. Both rivers were the lifeblood of Mesopotamian civilizations, giving them water and a vehicle for their trade and defense.
• Euphrates River: River that was a boundary of Mesopotamia, or the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) The Euphrates was the western of the two rivers and flowed from a source deep in the Armenian mountains all the way to the Persian Gulf, almost 1,800 miles. Both rivers served as means of defense and trade for every civilization in this area.
• The Huang Ho River: The Huang Ho is the world's sixth-longest river at 3,395 miles. Its source is the Kunlun Mountains, in western China. Its mouth is the Gulf of Bohai. The river is called the Yellow River, named for the color of the silts that are carried downstream in its flow. The earliest civilization in China settled on the banks of the Huang Ho. Ever since, the river has been a source of life and death. The river has flooded so often that is has become known as the River of Sorrow. Possibly the worst flood in written history occurred in 1931. Between July and November of that year, the river overflowed its banks, flooding about 34,000 square miles of land completely and about 8,000 square miles partially. Entire villages and huge amounts of agriculture and farmland were washed away. About 80 million people were left homeless. Nearly 1 million people died in the flood itself and in the famines and epidemics that resulted from the flooding.
• Rhine River: The Rhine River is 1,230 kilometres (760 mi) long. It is one of the longest rivers in Europe. The Rhine is an important waterway. Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region. The river Rhine begins at Tomasee, a lake in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland, and runs through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. It is also the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also the border between Germany and France.
• Irrawaddy River: Irrawaddy River, Burmese Ayeyarwady, principal river of Myanmar (formerly Burma), running through the centre of the country. Myanmar’s most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. The river flows wholly within the territory of Myanmar. Its total drainage area is about 158,700 square miles (411,000 square km). Its valley forms the historical, cultural, and economic heartland of Myanmar.

INDIAN IRRIGATION

Water is very important for survival of all forms of life- plant as well as animal. India, by virtue of its peculiar placement in the foothills of the Himalayas and the Deccan Plateau running through it, has vast water resources which have been very meagrely tapped. Conventional and recognised means of irrigation are tanks, wells and canals.
Wells: Well irrigation is an important type of irrigation in India. Wells are particularly suitable for small farms. The important well-irrigated States are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. In these States water-table is high, soil is soft and, therefore, wells are easily sunk.
Tubewells are an important development in India. They are worked by electricity or diesel oil and thus, they relieve our cattle of much of the strain. They are being quickly developed in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab. This is because these have ample sub-soil water.
Wells and tubewells account for about 48 percent of the total irrigation in India.
Tanks: Tanks are also an important and ancient source of irrigation. They are of considerable importance in central and southern India, specially in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. About 8 percent of the total irrigated area is irrigated by tanks.
Canals: Canals are the most important means of irrigation in the country. Some canals were constructed by the early Hindu and Mohammedan kings. Most of the canals, however, are the product of the British rule. At present, canals irrigate about 39 percent of total irrigated area of India. Most of the canals of the country are found in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Storage canals have been constructed in Deccan and Madhya Pradesh.
Major , Medium and Minor Irrigation Projects: The methods of irrigation used in India can be broadly classified into major, medium and minor irrigation schemes. Irrigation projects having Culturable Command Area (CCA) of more than 10,000 hectares each are classified as major projects. Those having a CCA between 2,000 hectares and 10,000 hectares fall under the category of medium irrigation projects. And the projects which have a CCA of less than 2,000 hectares are classified as minor irrigation schemes. For the purpose of analysis the major and the medium irrigation projects are generally grouped together. These projects comprise a network of dams, bunds, canals and other such schemes. Such projects require substantial financial outlay and are, therefore, constructed by the government or any other agency which may draw financial assistance form the government and financial institutions.
The minor irrigation projects, on the other hand, comprise all ground water development schemes such as dug wells, private shallow tubewells, deep public tubewells, and boring and deepening of dugewells, and small surface water development works such as storage tanks, lift irrigation projects, etc. Minor irrigation projects or the groundwater development schemes are essentially people's programmes implemented primarily through individual and cooperative efforts with finances obtained mainly through institutional sources.

IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

Creation for irrigation potential of 10 million hectares was targeted under Bharat Nirman during 2005-06 to 2008-09. The target was proposed to be met through completion of on-going major and medium irrigation projects, and extension, renovation and modernization of existing projects. As per information provided by State Governments, the total irrigation potential created during the period is 7.31 million hectares against the target of 10 million hectares.

SOME IRRIGATION AND MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS

Bargi Project (Madhya Pradesh): It is a multipurpose project consisting of a masonry dam across Bargi river in the Jabalpur district and a left bank canal.
Beas Project (Joint venture of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan): It consists of Beas-Sutlej Link and Beas Dam at Pong.
Bhadra Project (Karnataka): A multipurpose project across the river Bhadra.
Bhakra Nangal Project (Joint project of Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan): India's biggest, multipurpose river valley project comprises a straight gravity dam across the Sutlej river at Bhakra, the Nangal dam, the Nangal hydel channel, two power houses at Bhakra dam and two power stations at Ganguwal and Kotla.
Bhima Project (Maharashtra): Comprises two dams, one on the Pawana river near Phagne in Pune district and the other across the Krishna river near Ujjaini in Sholapur district.
Chambal Project (Joint project of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan): The project comprises Gandhi Sagar dam, Rana Pratap Sagar dam and jawahar Sagar dam.
Damodar Valley Project (West Bengal and Bihar): A multipurpose project for the unified development of irrigation, flood control and power generation in West Bengal and Bihar. It comprises multipurpose dams at Konar, Tilaiya, Maithon and Pancher; hydel power stations at Tilaiya, Konar, Maithon and Panchet; barrage at Durgapur; and thermal power houses at Bokaro, Chandrapura and Durgapur. The project is administrated by the Damodar Valley Corporation.
Dulhasti Power Project (Jammu & Kashmir): It is a 390 MW power project in Kishtwar region of Jammu & Kashmir on Chenab river. Work for this project started in 1981. The foundation stone was laid on April 15, 1983 by the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. Work on this project was suspended due to threats of kidnapping and killings by Kashmiri militants resulting in long delay in completion of project.
Farakka Project (West Bengal): The project was taken up for the preservation and maintenance of Calcutta port and for improving the navigability of the Hoogly. It comprises a barrage at Jangipur across the Bhagirathi and a feeder channel taking off from the Ganga at Farakka and tailing into the Bhagirathi below the Jangipur barrage.
Gandak Project (Joint project of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh): Nepal also derives irrigation and power benefits form this project.
Ghataprabha Project (Karnataka): A project across Ghataprabha in Belgaum and Bijapur districts.
Hirakund (Odisha): World's longest dam, is located on the Mahanadi river.
Jayakwadi Project (Maharashtra): A masonry spillway across the river Godavari.
Kahalgaon Project (Bihar): The 840-MW Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Project, a joint venture between National Thermal Power Corporation and the Russian State Enterprise Foreign Economic Association, was on August 12,1996 commissioned and put into commercial operation.
Kakrapara Project (Gujarat): On the Tapti river near Kakrapara, in Surat district.
Kangsabati Project (West Bengal): The project, put in operation in 1965, is located on the Kangsabati and Kumari rivers.
Karjan Project (Gujarat): A masonry dam across Karjan river near Jitgarh village in Nandoo Taluka of Bharuch district.
Kosi Project (Bihar): A multipurpose project, which serves Bihar and Nepal.
Koyna Project (Maharashtra): It is built on a tributary of river Krishna with a capacity of 880 MW. It feeds power to Mumbai-Pune industrial belt.
Krishna Project (Maharashtra): Dhom dam near Dhom village on Krishna and Kanhar dam near Kanhar village on Varna river in Satna district.
Kukadi Project (Maharashtra): Five independent storage dams, i.e. Yodgaon, Manikdohi, Dimbha, Wadaj and Pimpalgaon Jog. The canal system comprises (i) Kukadi left bank Canal, (ii) Dimbha left bank canal, (iii) Dimbha right bank canal, (iv) Meena feeder and (v) Meena branch.
Kundoh Project (Tamil Nadu): It is in Tamil Nadu whose initial capacity of 425 MW has since been expanded to 535 MW.
Let Bank Ghaghra Canal (Uttar Pradesh): A link channel taking off from the left bank of Ghaghra river of Girja barrage across Sarju.
Madhya Ganaga Canal (Uttar Pradesh): A barrage across Ganga in Bijnore district.
Mahanadi Delta Scheme (Odisha): The irrigation scheme will utilize releases from the Hirakud reservoir.
Mahanadi Reservoir Project (Madhya Pradesh): It has three phases: (1) Ravishankar Sagar Project and feeder canal system for supply of water of Bhilai Steel Plant and Sandur dam across Sandur village. (2) Extension of Mahanadi feeder canal. (3) Pairi dam.
Mahi Project (Gujarat): A two –phase project, one across the Mahi river near Wanakbori village and the other across Mahi river near Kadana.
Malaprabha Project (Karnataka): A dam across the Malaprabha in Belgaum district.
Mayurakshi Project (West Bengal): An irrigation and hydro-electric project comprise the Canada dam.
Minimato Bango Hasdeo Project (Madhya Pradesh): This project is locted at Hasdeo Bango river in Korba district and envisages construction of a masonry dam. A hydel power plant of 120 MW capacity has been commissioned on the Bango dam.
Nagarjunasagar (Andhra Pradesh): On the Krishna river near Nandikona village (about 44 km from Hyderabad).
Panam Project (Gujarat): A gravity masonry dam across Panam river near Keldezar village in Panchmahal district.
Parambikulam Aliyar (Joint venture of Tamil Nadu and Kerala): The integrated harnessing of eight rivers, six in the Annamalai Hills and two in the plains.
Pochampad (Andhra Pradesh): Across Godavari river.
Pong Dam (Punjab): It is an important hydro-electric project located on Beas river.
Rajasthan Canal (Indira Gandhi Canal- Rajasthan): The Project uses water released from Pong dam and provides irrigation facilities to the north-western region of Rajasthan, i.e., a part of the Thar desert. It consists of Rajasthan feeder canal (with the first 167 km in Punjab and Haryana and the remaining 37 km in Rajasthan) and 445 km Rajasthan main canal entirely in Rajasthan.
Rajghat Dam Project (Madhya Pradesh): The Rajghat Dam and Rajghat Hydro Electric Projects are Inter-State projects of MP and UP. The Rajghat Dam is almost complete. All the three units of Rajghat Hydro-Electric Project had been synchronized during 1999 and power generation has been continuing ever since.
Ramganga (Uttarakhand): A dam across Ramganga, a tributary of the Ganga river located in Garhwal district. The project has, besides reducing the intensity of floods in central and western Uttar Pradesh, provided water for the Delhi water supply scheme.
Ranjit Sagar Dam (Thein Dam) (Punjab): A multi-purpose highest dam in the country, built on the Ravi river for the benefit of Punjab, Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir.
Rihand Project (Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh): It is the largest man-made lake in India on the borders of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh with a capacity of 300 MW annually.
Sabarmati (Gujarat): A storage dam across Sabarmati river near Dhari Village in Mehsana district and wasna barrage near Ahmedabad.
Salal Project (Jammu & Kashmir): With the successful completion of the 2.5-km long tailrace tunnel, the 690-MW Salal (Stage I and II ) project in Jammu and Kashmir became fully operational on August 6, 1996.
Sarda Sahayak (Uttar Pradesh): A barrage across the river Ghaghra, a link channel, a barrage across River Sarda and a feeder channel of two major aqueducts over rivers Gomti and Sai.
Sharavathi Project (Karnataka): It is located at the Jog Falls with a capacity of 891 MW. It primarily feeds Bengaluru industrial region and also Goa and Tamil Nadu.
Sone High Level Canal(Bihar): An extension on Sone Barrage project.
Tawa Project (Madhya Pradesh): A project across the Tawa river, a tributary of the Narmada in Hoshangabad district.
Tehri Dam Project (Uttarakhand): Earth and rock-fill dam on Bhagirathi river in Tehri district.
Tungabhadra Project (Joint Project of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka): On the Tungabhadra River.
Ukai Project (Gujarat): A multipurpose project across Tapti river near Ukai village.
Upper Krishna Project (Karnataka): A project consisting of Narayanpur dam across the Krishna river and a dam at Almatti.
Upper Penganga Project (Maharashtra): Two reservoirs on Penganga river at Isapur in Yavatmal district and the other on Rayadhu river at Sapli in Parbhani district.
Uri Power Project (Jammu & Kashmir): It is located on the river Jhelum in the Uri Tehsil of Baramulla district in Jammu & Kashmir. It is a 480-MW hydroelectric project which was dedicated to the nation of February 13, 1997.

Major Straits of the world

Name	Joins	Location
Malacca Strait	Andaman Sea & South China Sea	Indonesia - Malaysia
Palk Strait	Palk Bay & Bay of Bengal	India-Sri Lanka
Sunda Strait	Java Sea & Indian Ocean	Indonesia
Yucatan Strait	Gulf of Mexico and Carribbean Sea	Mexico-Cuba
Mesina Strait	Mediterranean Sea	Italy-Sicily
Otranto Strait	Adriatic Sea & Ionian Sea	Italy-Albania
Bab-el-Mandeb Strait	Red Sea & Gulf of Aden	Yemen-Djibouti
Cook Strait	South Pacific Ocean	New Zealand (N & S islands)
Mozambique Strait	Indian Ocean	Mozambique - Malagassy
North Channel	Irish Sea & Atlantic Ocean	Ireland-England
Taurus Strait	Arafura Sea & Gulf of Papua	Papua New Guinea - Australia
Bass strait	Tasman Sea & South Sea	Australia
Bering Strait	Bering Sea & Chuksi Sea	Alaska-Russia
Bonne-Fasio Strait	Mediterranean Sea	Corsika-Sardinia
Bosporous Strait	Black Sea and Marmara Sea	Turkey
Dardenleez Strait	Marmara Sea and Agean Sea	Turkey
Davis strait	Baffin Bay & Atlantic Ocean	Greenland-Canada
Denmark strait	North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean	Greenland-Iceland
Dover strait	English Channel & North Sea	England-France
Florida Strait	Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean	USA-Cuba
Hormuz strait	Gulf of Persia & Gulf of Oman	Oman-Iran
Hudson strait	Gulf of Hudson & Atlantic Ocean	Canada
Gibraltar Strait	Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean	Spain-Morocco
Magellan strait	Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean	Chile
Makkassar Strait	Java Sea & Celebeze Sea	Indonesia
Tsungaru Strait	Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean	Japan (Hokkaido-Honshu island)
Tatar Strait	Japan Sea & Okhotsk Sea	Russia (E Russia-Sakhalin Island)

Mountains and Plateau

Mountains are such highlands whose slopes are steep and the peaks are pointed. Generally, the mountains are more than 1000 mts high. The mountains whose height is less than 1000 mts, are called hills. The highest point of a mountain or a hill is called its peak. A mountain range is a system of mountains and hills having several ridges, peaks, summits and valleys, formed in a particular period and spread in a narrow belt.

Classification of Mountains

• Folded Mountains: These Mountains are the results of compressive forces, triggered by the endogenetic forces. When the rocks on (he surface of the earth are folded due to the forces generated within the earth, the resultant Himalaya Ural, Rockies, Andes, Atlas etc. examples of folded mountains.
• Block Mountains: These Mountains originate due to the forces of tension leading to the formation of rift valleys. These are also know as fault Block Mountains, as they are the result of faulting. Sierra Nevada mountain of California, USA, Vosages and Black Forest mountains of Europe.
• Accumulated Mountains: These mountain are formed due to accumulation of lava other ejected materials in the proccess of vulcanism. Fujiyama of Japan, Cotopaxi of Equador are its examples.
• Relict Mountains: When orginal mountains are eroded by the agents of gradation, they become relict mountains. Vindhyas, Aravallis, Satpura, Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, Parasnath etc. are relict mountains.

Plateau

A plateau may be defined as that upland which has at least one side of very steep slope standing well above the neighbouring surface and whose upper part is extensive and almost flat.

Classification of Plateau

1. Intermontane Plateau: These Plateaus are surrounded by hills and mountains from all sides. For Example Tibetan plateau, Columbian plateau.
2. Piedmont Plateau: Which is surrounded by-mountain range on one side and by plain or ocean on the other side. For Example Appalachian Mountains (USA) and Patagonian plateau of South America.
3. Dome Shaped Plateau: These Plateaus are formed when the landmass is uplifted in such a manner that the middle portion is raised and the sides are rounded. Chhotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand, Ozark Plateau (USA).
4. Continental Plateau: These are very extensive Plateau and surrounded by oceanic coasts or plains. These are also called Shield. For Example Siberian shield.
5. Volcanic Plateau: These Plateau are formed due to accumulation of thick layers of bassltic laves. Deccan plateau of India and Columbian plateau of USA are the best example of this type.

Plateaus	Location
Anatolia	Turkey
Meseta	Iberian Peninsula
Chiyapas	S. Mexico
Alaska / Yukon	USA
Columbian	USA
Great Basin	USA
Colorado	USA

Ocean Currents

When ocean water moves in a fixed direction within a fixed limit (of area) with very high velocity, it is called current. The velocity of a current is more than that of drift. | Ocean currents can be divided into two type warm currents and cold currents. The currents flowing from the equator to the poles are warm and those flowing from poles to the equator are cold.
Due to Coriolis force, the Ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere deflect towards their right and those in the Southern Hemisphere, towards their left. The only exception of this rule of the flow of ocean is found in the Indian Ocean, where the direction of current flow changes with the change in the direction monsoon wind flow.
Ocean currents influence the climate of bordering coastal regions. They affect temperature, humidity and precipitation.

Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are the regions of very high bio-diversity. These are formed due to accumulation and solidification of skeletons of lime secreting organism known as coral polyps. They are dominating rocks. Coral reefs are of three types :

1. Fringing Reef: Coral reefs developed along the coasts are called fringing reefs. Examples: Gulf of Mannar (india), Southern Florida (USA) etc.
2. Barrier Reef : The coral reefs qf the coastal platforms are called "barrier reefs". There is extensive but shallow lagoon between the coastal land and the reef. Great Barrier Reef, located parallel to the east coast of Australia, is the largest of all the barrier reefs of the world.
3. Coral Ring or Atoll : A ring of narrow growing corals of horse-shoe shape is called atoll. It is generally found around an island or in elliptical form on a submarine platform. Examples : Fiji Atoll, Funfutti Atoll etc.

Tides

Rise and fall of the ocean water level due to the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon are referred to as Tides. The waves generated by tide-are called Tidal Waves. The hight of the tides at different places varies a lot due to several factors such as - depth of water, the coastal features and openness or closeness of the sea. Though the Sun is far bigger than the moon yet, the gravitational force of the Moon is double than that of the sun. This is due to the fact that the Sun is at a greater distance than the Moon, from the Earth.
Every place, along the coast, experiences tide and ebbs twice in 24 hours. When the Sun, the Earth and the Moon are aligned in a straight line this position is referred to as SYZYGY. The combined forces of the Sun and the Moon result into High or Spring Tides. High tides are experienced on the full moon and the new moon.
Unlike this, when the Sun, the Earth and the Moon are aligned in a right angle position, the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon work against each other, when Neap or Low Tides are experienced. The part of the Earth facing the Moon , experiences a tide due to the gravitational pull of the Moon, but, at the same time the part of the Earth on the Opposite side also experidences a tide. This is due to the strong centrifugal force to balance the rotation of the earth.

MULTIPURPOSE RIVER-VALLEY PROJECTS

ALAMATTI DAM It is on the river Krishna.

BASPA HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT
 The 300 MW project is located in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. It is the largest private hydro-electric project and has been built by Jaypee group. It is located on Baspa river, a tributary of Satluj.

BEAS PROJECT
 It is a joint venture of the governments of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. It consists of two units: (i) Beas-Sutlej Link and (ii) Beas Dam at Pong. The project links the Beas and the Sutlej rivers in Punjab through 38.4 km of hills and valleys. The waters of the Beas were poured into the mighty Sutlej river on July 10, 1977 at the first-ever man-made confluence of the two major rivers at Slapper in Himachal in a mighty bid to augment the water resources of the Gobind Sagar Lake of the Bhakra-complex. This completed the Rs 380- crore dream which was realised in a period of only 12 years.

BHADRA RESERVOIR PROJECT
Bhadra Reservoir Project across the river Bhadra is in Karnataka.

BHAKRA-NANGAL PROJECT (HIMACHAL PRADESH) Largest multipurpose project in India and the highest straight gravity dam in the world (225.5 m high) on the river Sutlej.

CHAMBAL PROJECT
 It is a joint undertaking by the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh governments. The Rana Pratap Dam at Bhata, 48 km from Kotah, was inaugurated on Feb 9, 1970. The project comprises construction of two other dams: Gandhi Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh and Jawahar Sagar (Kotah) Dam in Rajasthan.  

CHAMERA HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT
 The 540 MW Chamera hydro-electric project on the Ravi river in Himachal Pradesh was implemented with Canadian credit offer of about Rs 335 crore.  

CHUKHA PROJECT
The 336 MW project is the most prestigious and largest in Bhutan. It has been completely built by India. The dam has been constructed on Wang Chu river. The project costed Rs 244 crore.

DAMODAR VALLEY PROJECT (WEST BENGAL AND BIHAR)
Principal object of this multipurpose scheme is to control the flowing of the Damodar which is notorious for its vagaries and destructiveness. It is designed on the lines of the Tennessee Valley Authority (T.V.A.) in U.S.A.  

DUL-HASTI HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT
The Rs. 1263 crore project is being built on river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir. The foundation of the project was laid in September 1984. The project will consist of a power plant of 390 MW capacity. The power house will be located underground.  

DHAULIGANGA PROJECT
The Rs. 600 crore, 280 MW project is to be located on Dhauliganga river in Uttaranchal.  

FARAKKA BARRAGE
The basic aim of the Farakka Barrage is to preserve and maintain Calcutta port and to improve the navigability of the Hooghly river. It consists of a barrage across the Ganga at Farakka, another barrage at Jangipur across the Bhagirthi, a 39-km long feeder canal taking off from the right bank of the Ganga at Farakka and tailing into the Bhagirathi below the Jangipur barrage, and a road-cum-rail bridge have already been completed. Specially, the object of Farakka is to use about 40,000 cusecs of water out of the water stored in the dam to flush the Calcutta port which is getting silted up.  

GANDAK PROJECT (BIHAR AND U.P)
This is a joint venture of India and Nepal as per agreement signed between the two governments on Dec 4, 1959. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are the participating Indian States. Nepal would also derive irrigation and power benefits from this project.

HIRAKUD PROJECT (ORISSA)
It is the first of a chain of three Dams planned for harnessing the Mahanadi.

IDUKKI HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT
It is a giant hydro-electric project of Kerala and one of the biggest in the country, constructed with Canadian assistance with an installed capacity of 390 MW in the first stage and 780 MW in the second stage. The project envisages to harness Periyar waters, has three major dams, the 169 m high Idukki arch dam across Periyar river, 138 m high Cheruthoni Dam across the tributary of Cheruthoni river and 99.9 m high Kulamavu Dam.

JAYAKWADI DAM (MAHARASHTRA)
The 10-km-long Jayakwadi dam on the Godavari is Maharashtra’s largest irrigation project located near Paithan.

KALPONG HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT This is the first hydel power plant of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The 5.25 MW project was commissioned on July 1, 2001. It is located near Kalara village of Diglipur Tehsil in North Andaman and has been built by National Hydel Power Corporation.

KAKRAPARA PROJECT
It is situated on the Tapti near Kakrapara, 80 km upstream of Surat. The project is financed by the Gujarat Government.

KOEL KARO PROJECT The project envisages construction of earthen dam across river south Koel at Basia in Bihar and another dam over north Karo at Lohajimi. The capacity will be 710 MW.

KOL PROJECT
The 600 MW project is to be located on the Satluj, 6 km upstream of the Dehar Power House on the Beas-Satluj link project in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh. Besides generating power, the dam will also serve as a check dam for
the 1,050-MW Bhakra Dam and prolong its life by at least 10 years.

KOSI PROJECT This project will serve Bihar and Nepal. The Kosi rises in Nepal, passes through Bihar and joins the Ganges. The river is subject to heavy floods. Two dams are to be built across it.

NAGARJUNASAGAR PROJECT
This Project is a venture of Andhra Pradesh for utilizing water of the Krishna river. The Nagarjunasagar Dam was inaugurated on Aug 4, 1967. It is situated near Nandikonda village in Miryalguda Taluk of Nalgonda district.

NATHPA-JHAKRI HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT
India’s largest hydro-electric project, it is located at Nathpa Jhakri in Himachal Pradesh. It is built on Satluj river. The first of the six 250 MW units was commissioned on December 30, 2002. The project is being executed by Satluj Jal Nigam (formerly Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation).

PARAMBIKULAM ALIYAR PROJECT It is a joint venture of Tamil Nadu and Kerala States. It envisages construction of seven inter-connected reservoirs by harnessing rivers including two major rivers viz., Parambikulam on the western slopes of Annamalai Hills and Aliyar on the eastern slopes.

PARAPPALAR DAM The Rs 1-crore Parappalar Dam with a storage capacity of 167 million cubic feet near Oddenchatram, about 75 km from Madurai in Palni taluk (Tamil Nadu), was inaugurated on August 30, 1976.

PARVATI VALLEY PROJECT
It is the first inter-State hydel power project of India. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi have joined hands with Himachal Pradesh to set up the project. The 2050 MW project will be built near Kullu, on Parvati river, a tributary of Beas.

PERIYAR VALLEY SCHEME (KERALA) The scheme envisages the construction of a masonry barrage 210.92 metres long across the river Periyar near Alwaye, in Ernakulam district.

PONG DAM
 It is also called the Beas Dam on the river Beas, near Talwara in Himachal Pradesh, is the highest (132 m high) rock-fill dam in the country. The project is a joint venture of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. The dam has been designed to store 6.6 million acre feet of water. Although the dam is meant primarily to meet the irrigation needs, it also produces power.

RAJASTHAN CANAL PROJECT

It is a bold venture of bringing irrigation to a desert area. The project, which uses water from the Pong dam, consists of 215-km long Rajasthan feeder canal (with the first 178 km in Punjab and Haryana and the remaining 37 km in Rajasthan) and the 467-km long Rajasthan main canal lying entirely in Rajasthan.

RAMGANGA RIVER PROJECT
This Project in Uttaranchal envisages construction of a dam across the river Ramganga, one of the major tributaries of the Ganga at 3.2 km upstream of Kalagarh in Garhwal district. RANJIT SAGAR DAM PROJECT Formerly known as Thein dam, it was dedicated to the nation on March 4, 2001. It is built on Ravi river near Thein village in Punjab. Total installed capacity is 600 MW.

RIHAND PROJECT (MIRZAPUR DISTRICT—U.P.) This project has been completed by the U.P. Government and comprises construction of a concrete gravity dam across the Rihand river in Mirzapur District (U.P.) and a Power House at Pipri and necessary transmission lines. Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar is a part of this project.

RONGTONG PROJECT WORLD’S HIGHEST HYDRO POWER PROJECT Rongtong project is situated in Kaza in the Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh. The project has helped transform the entire cold mountain desert into a lush green belt.

SALAL PROJECT It has been built on River Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir. The first stage was completed on February 9, 1989 and marked the beginning of the harnessing of hydro power potential of river Chenab. At present the capacity of the powerhouse is 345 MW. With completion of second stage the capacity will double.

SANKOSH HYDEL-POWER PROJECT
India and Bhutan have signed an agreement for building of a gigantic Sankosh hydel power project. It will be one among the ten largest projects in Asia. The project is to be constructed near Kerabari in Gaylegphug district of Bhutan on Sankosh river. It will include a 600 metre-long and 239 metre high dam and a reservoir with a catchment area of 10,525 sq km. It is estimated to cost around Rs 2000 crore. Once completed, the project will generate 1,525 MW of power and help irrigate eight lakh hectares of land.

SANJAY VIDYUT (HYDEL) PROJECT It is Asia’s first fully underground Hydel Project. The 120 MW project is located near Bhaba Nagar in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. It harnesses the water of the Bhaba Khud, a tributary of Satluj.

SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT
This is one of the largest river valley schemes in the country. The project envisages construction of 163-metre-high cement concrete dam at Navagam in Gujarat. This will create irrigation potential of 1.79 million hectares and generate 1450 MW of power.

SAWALKOTE HYDRO PROJECT
 The 600 MW project in Jammu & Kashmir is being built by a Norwegian consortium.

SHARAVATI PROJECT (KARNATAKA)
Located about 400 km from Bangalore near the Gersoppa falls, the Sharavati Project is one of the world’s major power projects, built by Indian engineers with American collaboration.

SRISAILARN PROJECT It is a massive power project, 110 km away from Nagarjunasagar in the upper reaches of the river Krishna.

SUBARNAREKHA PROJECT
It is Rs 130-crore multipurpose project which would, when completed, provide assured irrigation to 7,06,000 acres to the chronically drought-prone areas of Orissa and Bihar.

TEHRI DAM PROJECT World’s fifth and Asia’s largest hydro-electric project has been constructed on river Bhagirithi, a tributary of Ganga in Tehri district of Uttaranchal. The height of the earth and rockfill dam is 260.5 m, making it the highest dam in the country. Once fully operational, the project will produce 1000 MW electricity.

TUNGABHADRA PROJECT (ANDHRA AND KARNATAKA)
It is a joint undertaking by the governments of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The project comprises a dam across the Tungabhadra river near Mallapuram.

UKAI PROJECT The Ukai power project of Gujarat equipped with power generating sets manufactured by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited was inaugurated on October 12, 1977. It has added 540,000 KW of installed capacity to the State’s existing power network.

Indian Cities As they are known

SNo	As They are Known	Place
1	Golden City	Amritsar
2	Manchester of India	Ahmedabad
3	City of Seven islands	Mumbai
4	Queen of Arabian Sea	Cochin
5	Space City	Bangalore
6	Garden City of India	Bangalore
7	Silicon Valley of India	Bangalore
8	Electronic city of India	Bangalore
9	Pink city	Jaipur
10	Gateway of India	Mumbai
11	Twin city	Hyderabad – Sikandarabad
12	City of festivals	Madurai
13	Deccan Queen	Pune
14	City of Buildings	Kolkata
15	Dakshin Ganga	Godavari
16	Old Ganga	Godavari
17	Egg bowls of Asia	Andhra Pradesh
18	Soya region	Madhya Pradesh
19	Manchester of the South	Coimbatore
20	City of Nawabs	Lucknow
21	Venice of the east	Cochin
22	Sorrow of Bengal	Damodar river
23	Sorrow of Bihar	Kosi river
24	Blue Mountains	Nilgiri
25	Queen of the Mountains	Mussoorie (Uttaranchal)
26	Sacred river	Ganga
27	Hollywood of India	Mumbai
28	City of Castles	Kolkata
29	State of five rivers	Punjab
30	City of weavers	Panipat
31	City of lakes	Srinagar
32	Steel city of India	Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
33	City of temples	Varanasi
34	Manchester of the north	Kanpur
35	City of Rallies	New Delhi
36	Heaven of India	Jammu & Kashmir
37	Boston of India	Ahmedabad
38	Garden of spices of India	Kerala
39	Switzerland of India	Kashmir
40	Abode of the God	Prayag (Allahabad)
41	Pittsburg of India	Jamshedpur

Famous Places in India

Place	Location
Ajanta	Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
Amarnath Cave	Kashmir
Akbar’s Tomb	Sikanara, Agra
Amber Palace	Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Anand Bhawan	Allahabad
Bhakra Dam	Punjab
Bibi Da Maqbra	Aurangabad
Birla Planetorium	Calcutta
Black Pagoda	Konark (Orissa)
Bodhisatva	Ajanta Caves
Brihadeeswara Temple	Tanjavur, Tanjor
Brindaban Gardens	Mysore
Buland Darwaza	Fatehpur Sikri
Charminar	Hyderabad
Cheena Kesava Temple	Belur
Chilka Lake	East Coast of India near Bhubaneshwar
Dal Lake	Srinagar
Dilwara Temple	Mt.Abu
Elephanta Caves	Bombay
Ellora Caves	Aurangabad
Gateway of India	Bombay
Golden Temple	Amritsar
Gol Gumbaz	Bijapur
Hanging Gardens	Bombay
Hawa Mahal (Place of winds)	Jaipur
Howrah Gridge	Calcutta
Island Palace	Udaipur
Itmaad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb	Agra
Jagannath Temple	Puri
Jahaz Mahal	Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy)
Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory)	Chittorgarh
Jama Masjid	Delhi
Jantar Mantar	New Delhi
Jog (Gersoppa) Falls	Karnataka
Kailasa Temple	Ellora
Kanyakumari Temple	Kanyakumari
Khajuraho	M.P.
Kirti Stambha (Tower of victory)	Chittorgarh
Kornark	Orissa
Lakshmi Vilas Palace	Baroda
Lal Bagh Garden	Bangalore
Lalgarh Palace	Bikaner
Mahabaleshwar Temple	Ujjain (M.P.)
Maheshmuri (Trimurty)	Elephanta Caves
Malabar Hill	Bombay
Man Mandir Palace	Gwalior Fort
Marble Rocks	Jabalpur
Marina Beach	Madras
Minakshi Temple	Madurai
Mt. Girnar(Jain Temple)	Junagadh
Nagin Lake	Srinagar
Nishat Bagh	Srinagar
Padmanabha Temple	Trivandrum
Palitana	Junagadh
Panch Mahal	Fatehpur Sikri
Pichola Lake	Udaipur
Prince of Wales Muserm	Bombay
Qutab Minar	Delhi
Raj Ghat	New Delhi
Rashtrapati Bhawan	New Delhi
Red Fort	Delhi
Sanchi Stupa	Sanchi(Bhopal)
Sahar	Bombay
Sarnath Temple	Varanasi
Sidi Sayyid Mosque	Ahmedabad
Shalimar Bagh	Srinagar
Shahi Chashma	Srinagar
Shanti Vana	New Delhi
Shore Temple	Mahabalipuram
Somnath Temple	Gujarat
Statue of Gomateswars	Karnataka
Statue of Ugra Narasimha	Hampi
Sunderbans	West Bengal
Sun Temple	Konark
Taj Mahal	Agra
Tripati Temple	Andhra Pradesh
Tower of Silence	Bombay
Victoria Memorial	Calcutta
Victoria Garden	Bombay
Vijay Ghat	New Delhi

National Parks In India

Name	Place	State
Bandhavagarh National Park	Shahdol	Madhya Pradesh
Bandipur National Park	Mysore	Karnataka
Bannarghata National Park	Bangalore	Karnataka
Borivili National Park	Mumbai	Maharashtra
Corbett National Park	Garhwal	Uttar Pradesh
Dudhewa National Park	Lakhimpur	Uttar Pradesh
Eravikulan Rajmallay National Park	Idduki	Kerala
Gir National Park	Junagarh	Gujarat
Guindy National Park	Madras	Tamil Nadu
Hazaribagh National Park	Hazaribagh	Bihar
Kanha National Park	Mzandla & Balaghat	Madhya Pradesh
Kaziranga National Park	Jorhat	Assam
Kangchandsenda National Park	Gangtok	Sikkim
Nagerhole	Coorg	Karnataka
Nawegaon National Park	Bhandara	Maharashtra
Pench Nationa Park	Nagpur	Maharastra
Rohia Naional Park	Kullu	Himchal Pradesh
Shivpur Naional Park	Shivpuri	Madhyaradesh
Tadoba Naional Park	Chandrapur	Maharashtra
Valavadar Naional Park	Bhavnagar	Gujarat

Wildlife Sanctuaries of India

Name	Place	State
Chandraprabha Sanctuary	Varanasi	Uttar Pradesh
Dachigam Sanctuary	Srinagar	Jammu & Kashmir
Ghana Bird Sanctuary	Bharatpur	Rajasthan
Ghatprabha Bird Sanctuary	Belgaum	Karnataka
Jaldapara Sanctuary	Jalpaiguri	West Bengal
Kutree Game Sanctuary	Bestar	Madhya Pradesh
Manas Tigar Sanctuary	Barpeta	Assam
Melapattu Bird Sanctuary	Nellor	Andra Pradesh
Mudumalai Sanctuary	Nilgiris	Tamil Nadu
Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctury	Ahmedabad	Gujarat
Palamau Tiger Sanctuary	Daltonganj	Bihar
Periyar Sanctuary	Idduki	Kerala
Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary	Sawai Madhopur	Rajasthan
Ranthambhor Tiger Sanctuary	Sawai Madhopur	Rajasthan
Similipal Tiger Sanctuary	Mayurbhanj	Orissa
Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary	Gurgaon	Haryana
Sunderbans Tiger Sanctuary	24-Parganas	West Bengal

World Capitals

Country	Capital
Afganistan	Kabul
Albania	Tirana
Algeria	Algiers
Andorra	Luanda
Antigua & Barbuda	St. Jon's
Argentina	Buenos Aires
Armenia	Yarevan
Australia	Canberra
Austria	Vienna
Azerbaijan	Baku
Bahamas	Nassau
Bahrain	Manama
Bangladesh	Dhaka
Barbados	Bridgetown
Belarus	Minsk
Belgium	Brussels
Belize	Belmopan
Benin	Porto Novo
Bhutan	Thimphu
Bolivia	Sucre/ La Paz
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Sarajevo (Bosnia)
Botswana	Gabarone
Brazil	Brasilia
Brunei Darussalam	Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria	Sofia
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou
Burundi	Bujumbura
Cambodia	Phnom Penh
Cameroon	Yaounde
Canada	Ottawa
Cape Verde	Praia
Central African Republic	Bangui
Chad	N'djamena
Chile	Santiago
China	Beijing
Colombia	Bogotá
Comoros	Moroni
Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)	Kinshasa
Congo (Republic of Congo)	Brazzaville
Costa Rica	San Jose
Cote D'ivoire	Yamoussoukro
Croatia	Zagreb
Cuba	Havana
Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus)	Nicosia
Northern Cyprus  (Turkish Republic of Cyprus)	Nicosia North
Czech Republic	Prague
Denmark	Copenhagen
Djibouti	Djibouti
Dominica	Roseau
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo
Ecuador	Quito
Egypt	Cairo
El Salvador	San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo
Eritrea	Asmara
Estonia	Tallinn
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa
Fiji	Suva
Finland	Helsinki
France	Paris
Gabon	Libreville
Gambia	Banjul
Georgia	Tbilisi
Germany	Bonn
Ghana	Accra
Greece	Athens
Granada	St. George's
Guatemala	Guatemala City
Guinea	Conakry
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau
Guyana	Georgetown
Haiti	Port-Au-Prince
Hungary	Budapest
Iceland	Reykjavik
India	New Delhi
Indonesia	Jakarta
Iran	Tehran
Iraq	Baghdad
Ireland	Dublin
Israel	Jerusalem
Italy	Rome
Jamaica	Kingston
Japan	Tokyo
Jordan	Amman
Kazakhstan	Astana
Kenya	Nairobi
Kiribati	Bairiki
Korea, North	Pyongyang
Korea, South	Seoul
Kuwait	Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek
Laos	Vientiane
Latvia	Riga
Lebanon	Berut
Lesotho	Maseru
Liberia	Monrovia
Libya	Tripoli
Liechtenstein	Vaduz
Lithunia	Vilnius
Luxembourg	Luxembourg
Macedonia	Skopje
Madagascar	Antananarivo
Malawi	Lilongwe
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur
Maldives	Male
Mali	Bamako
Malta	Valletta
Marshall Islands	Dalap-Uliga-Darrit
Mauritania	Nouakchott
Mauritius	Port Louis
Mexico	Mexico City
Micronesia	Palikir
Moldova	Chisinau
Monaco	Monaco
Mongolia	Ulan Batur
Morrocco	Rabat
Mozambique	Maputo
Myanmar	Yangon
Namibia	Windhoek
Nauru	Yaren
Nepal	Kathmandu
The Netherlands	Amsterdam
New Zealand	Wellington
Nicaragua	Managua
Niger	Niamey
Nigeria	Abuja
Norway	Oslo
Oman	Muscat
Pakistan	Islamabad
Panama	Panama City
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby
Paraguay	Asuncion
Peru	Lima
The Philippines	Manila
Poland	Warsaw
Portugal	Lisbon
Qatar	Doha
Romania	Bucharest
Russia	Moscow
Rwanda	Kigali
St. Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre
St. Lucia	Castries
St. Vincent and The Grenadines	Kingstown
San Marino	San Marino
Samoa	Apia
Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh
Senegal	Dakar
Seychelles	Victoria
Sierra Leone	Freetown
Singapore	Singapore City
Slovakia	Bratislava
Slovenia	Ljublijana
Solomon Islands	Honiara
Somalia	Mogadishu
South Africa	Pretoria/ Cape Town
Spain	Madrid
Sri Lanka	Colombo
Sudan	Khartoum
Suriname	Paramaribo
Swaziland	Mbabane
Sweden	Stockholm
Switzerland	Berne
Syria	Damascus
Taiwan	Taipei
Tajikistan	Dushanbe
Tanzania	Dar -E_Salaam
Thailand	Bangkok
Togo	Lome
Tonga	Nuku'alofa
Trinad and Tobago	Port-of Spain
Tunisia	Tunis
Turky	Ankara
Turkmenistan	Ashgabat
Tuvalu	Fongafale
Uganda	Kampala
Ukraine	Kyiv
United Arab Emirates	Abu-Dhabi
United Kingdom	London
United States	Washington DC
Uruguay	Montevideo
Uzbekistan	Tashkent
Vanuatu	Vila
Vatican City State	Vatican City
Venezuela	Caracas
Vietnam	Hanoi
Yemen	Sana'a
Yugoslavia	Belgrade
Zambia	Lusaka
Zimbabwe	Harare