Archimedes’ Principle: It states that a body, when
immersed in a liquid, experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight
of the liquid displaced by it.
Avogadro’s Hypothesis: It is a modification of
Berzelius’ hypothesis. It states that equal volumes of all gases under
similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of
molecules. Avogadro’s law is applicable only to gases.
Boyle’s Law: states that the volume of certain gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure at a constant temperature. In
other words the product of pressure and volume remains constant provided
the temperature is kept constant i.e., P x V = a constant if T remains
the same.
Charles’s Law: It states that at constant pressure all
gases expand by 1/273 of their volume at 0°C for a rise in temperature
of 1°C i.e., the volume of a given mass of gas at constant pressure is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
Coulomb’s law:
The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled.
Dulong and Petit’s Law: states that the product of
atomic weight and specific heat of solid elements is nearly equal to 6.4
i.e., At wt. x sp. heat = 6.4 approx.
Gay-Lussac’s Law of combining volumes: Gases react
together in volumes which bear simple whole number ratios to one another
and also to the volumes of the products, if gaseous—all the volumes
being measured under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.
Graham’s Law of Diffusion: states that the
rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square
roots of their densities under similar conditions of temperature and
pressure.
Kepler’s Law: According to this law, a line drawn from
the sun to a planet, moving around it, sweeps over a fixed area in a
given interval of time.
Law of definite proportions: A chemical compound is always found to be made up of the same elements combined together in the same ratio by weight.
Law of Floatation: for a body to float, the following
conditions must be fulfilled: (1) The weight of the body should be equal
to the weight of the water displaced. (2) The centre of gravity of the
body and that of the liquid displaced should be in the same straight
line.
Law of conservation of matter:
In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum
total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly
equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have
been formed.
Laws of thermodynamics:
The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase
in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is
impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump
heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher
temperature.
Lenz’s Law: When there is change in the magnetic flux
linked with a circuit, the electric current induced in the circuit will
have a magnetic field opposing the change producing it.
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: states that
“Every portion of matter attracts or tends to approach every other
portion of matter in the universe with a force proportional to the
masses and inversely as the square of the distance.”
Newton’s First Law of Motion: “A body continues in its
state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled
by an external force to change that state.”
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: “The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the impressed force and takes place in the direction of the force.”
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: “To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
Newton’s Law of Cooling: states that the rate of loss of heat of a hot
body is directly proportional to the difference of temperature between
the body and the surroundings and is independent of the nature of the
body.
Ohm’s Law: states that the ratio of the potential
difference between the ends of a conductor and the current flowing in
the conductor is constant, e.g., for a potential difference of E volts
and a current I amperes, the resistance R, in ohms is equal to E/I.
Principle of conservation of energy: It states that, in any system, energy cannot be created or destroyed; the sum of mass and energy remains constant.
Snell’s Law: It states that the ratio of the sine of
angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction remains
constant for any two given media.
Specific heat of substance: The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram. of a substance through 1°C.
Showing posts with label SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS. Show all posts
Wednesday, November 21, 2012
Thursday, March 1, 2012
Inventions and Scientists
Inventions | Famous Scientists |
| Adding Machine | Blaise Pascal & William Burroughs |
| Air Conditioning | Carrier |
| Air Plane (Jet Engine) | Whittle |
| Air-brake | George Westinghouse |
| Airplane with motor | Orville and Wright |
| Airship | Giffard |
| Airship (Non-rigid) | Zeppelin |
| Aniline Dyes | Hoffman |
| Animal Classification | Aristotle (Father of Zoology) |
| Anti-polio Vaccine | Jonas E.Salk |
| Antiseptic Surgery | Joseph Lister |
| Arc Lamp | C.F.Brush |
| Artificial heart | Michael de Baxey |
| Art of Printing | Guttenburg |
| Atomic Physics | Ernest Rutherford |
| Atomic Theory | John Dalton |
| Atom-breaking up the nucleus | Rutherford |
| Atomic Numbers | Moseley |
| Atomic Structure | Bohr & Rutherford |
| Atomic bomb | Otto Hahn |
| Automobile (Self Starter) | Kettering |
| Automobile (gasoline) | Daimler |
| Automobile (gears) | Benz |
| Automobile (magneto) | Daimler |
| Automobile (Steam) | Nicolas Cugnot |
| Avogradra’s Hypothesis | Avogadro |
| Ayurveda | Atreya |
| Bacteria | Leeuwenhock |
| Ball Point Pen | John Loud |
| Balloon | Montgolfier |
| Barometer | Torricelli |
| Battery & Current Electricity | Volta |
| Beriberi (cause) | Eijkman |
| Airship (Non-rigid) | Zeppelin |
| Aniline Dyes | Hoffman |
| Animal Classification | Aristotle (Father of Zoology) |
| Anti-polio Vaccine | Jonas E.Salk |
| Antiseptic Surgery | Joseph Lister |
| Arc Lamp | C.F.Brush |
| Artificial heart | Michael de Baxey |
| Art of Printing | Guttenburg |
| Atomic Physics | Ernest Rutherford |
| Atomic Theory | John Dalton |
| Atom-breaking up the nucleus | Rutherford |
| Atomic Numbers | Moseley |
| Atomic Structure | Bohr & Rutherford |
| Atomic bomb | Otto Hahn |
| Automobile (Self Starter) | Kettering |
| Automobile (gasoline) | Daimler |
| Automobile (gears) | Benz |
| Automobile (magneto) | Daimler |
| Automobile (Steam) | Nicolas Cugnot |
| Avogradra’s Hypothesis | Avogadro |
| Ayurveda | Atreya |
Thursday, October 20, 2011
Invention and Discoveries
Adding Machine, 1642. Inventor : Blaise Pascal (France) (1623-62). Earliest commercial machine invented by William Burroughs (U.S.) in St. Louis, Missouri in 1885.
Addressograph, 1893. Inventor : J.S. Duncan (U.S.). Manufactured in Chicago, Illinois.
Airplane, 1903. Inventors: Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912), (U.S.) Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Airship (non-rigid), 1852. Inventor : Henri Giffard (France) (1825-82). Steam-powered propeller flew over Paris (1852).
Airship (rigid), 1900. Inventor : Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany) (1838- 1917). Bodensee.
Antiseptic, 1867. Inventor : Dr. Joseph Lister (England).
Arc Lamp, 1879. Inventor : C.F. Brush (U.S.) (1849-1929). Cleveland, Ohio.
Argon, 1894. Discoverers : Sir William Ramsay and Baron Ray Leigh (Great Britain).
Aspirin, 1899. Inventor : Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany.
Atom Bomb, 1945. Inventor : Julius Robert Oppenheimer (U.S) (1904-1967).
Autogiro, 1923. Inventor : Juan de la Cierva (Spain) (1896-1963). Horizontal unpowered rotor.
Automobile (steam), c. 1769. Inventor : Nicolas Cugnot (France) (1725-1804). Three-wheeled military tractor. Oldest surviving is Italian Bordino (1854) in Turin.
Automobile (gasoline), 1855. Inventor : Karl Benz (Germany) (1844-1929). Earliest model by Father Ferdinand Verbiest (d. 1687) c. 1665 in China. Earliest internal combustion automobile built (1862-63) by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenior (1822-1900) (France). First run by Benz Motorwagon, Manneheim in November or December 1885. Patented in January 29,1886. First powered handcartwith internal combustion engine was by Siegfried Marcus (Austria) (c. 1864).
Bakelite, 1907. Inventor : Lwo H. Backcland (Belgium/U.S.) (1863-1944).
Balloon, 1783. Inventor : Jacques Montgolfier (1755-99) and Joseph Montgolfier (France) (1740-1810). Tethered flight, Paris (October 15); manned free flight, Paris.
Ballpoint Pen, 1888. Inventor : John J. Loud (U.S.). First practical models by Ladisloa and George Biro (Hungary) in 1938.
Barbed Wire, 1873. Inventor : Joseph F. Glidden (U.S.); manufactured at De Kalb, Illinois.
Bicycle Tyres (pneumatic), 1888. Inventor : John Boyd Dunlop (Scotland) (1840-1921). Principle patented but undeveloped by Orbert William Thomson (Scotland), June 10 1885. First motor car pneumatic tyres adapted by Andre and Edouard Michelin (France), 1885 (see rubber tyres).
Bifocal Lens, 1780. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) (U.S.). His earliest experiments began c. 1760.
Bullet, 1849. Inventor : Claude Minie (France).
Bunsen Burner, 1858. Inventor : Robert Wilhelm von Bunsen (Germany) (1811-99). Michael Faraday (1791-1867) (England) had previously designed an adjustable burner.
Burglar Alarm, 1851. Inventor : Edwin T. Holmes (U.S.). Electric installed, Boston Massachusetts (February 21).
Cadmium, 1817. Discovered : Friedrich Stromeyer (Germany).
Cannon (iron), c. 1320. Inventor : Germany. Earliest English illustration dated 1326.
Carburettor, 1876. Inventor : Gottlieb Daimler (Germany) (1834-1900). Carburettor spray; Charles E. Duryea (U.S.) 1892.
Carpet Sweeper, 1876. Inventor : Melville R. Bissell (U.S.). Grand Rapids, March. (Patent, September 19).
Car Radio, 1929. Inventors : William Lear and Elmer Wavering (USA).
Cash Register, 1879. Inventor : James Ritty (U.S.). Built in Dayton, Ohio. Taken over by National Cash Register Co. in 1884.
Cellophane, 1900. Inventor : I.E. Brandenberger (Switzerland). Machine production not before 1911.
Celluloid, 1861. Inventor : Alexander Parkes (England) (1813-90). Invented in Birmingham, England; developed and trade marked by I.W. Hyatt (U.S.) in 1873.
Cement, 1824. Inventor : Joseph Aspdin (England).
Chain Drive, 1491-93. Inventor : Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Drawings made in Milan (Italy) were discovered in Spain in 1967.
Chlorine, 1774. Discoverer : Karl Wilhelm Scheele (Sweden).
Chronometer, 1735. Inventor : John Harrison (England) (1693-1776). Received in 1772 Government £ 20,000 prize.
Cinema, 1895. Inventors: Auguste Marie Louis Nocolas Lumicre (1862-1954) and Louis Jean Lumiere (France) (1864-1948). Development pioneers were Etienne Jules Marcy (France) (1830-1903) and Thomas A. Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First public showing, Paris (December 28, 1895)
Classification of Data for Libraries. Inventor : Melvil Dewey (U.S.) (1851-1913). Introduced his decimal classification in 1876.
Clock (mechanical), 725. Inventors: I-Hsing and Liang Ling-Tsan (China). Earliest escapement 600 years before Europe.
Clock (pendulum), 1657. Inventor : Christian Huygens (Netherlands) (1629-92).
Dacron, 1941. Inventors: J.R. Whinfield (1901-66), J.T. Dickson (England). First available 1950, marketed in U.S.
Dental Plate, 1817. Inventor : Anthony A. Plantson (U.S.) (1774-1837).
Dental Plate (rubber), 1855. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S) (1845-1921).
Diesel Engine, 1895. Inventor : Rudolf Diesel (Germany) (1858-1913). Lower pressure oil engine patent by Stuart Akroyd, 1890. Diesel’s first commercial success, Augsberg, 1897.
Disc Brake, 1902. Inventor : Dr. F. Lanchester (England). First used on aircraft 1953 (Dunlop Rubber Co.).
Electric Battery, 1800. Inventor : Volta (Italian)
Electric Blanket; 1946. Inventor : Simmons Co., Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. Thermostatic control.
Electric Cooking Utensil, 1874. Inventor : St. George Lane-Fox (England).
Electric Fan, 1882. Inventor : Wheeler (USA). Electric Flat Iron, 1882. Inventor : H.W. Seeley (U.S.), New York City.
Electric Generation (Static), 1660. Inventor : Otto von Gueriche (Germany).
Electric Lamp, 1879. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First practical demonstration at Menlo Park, New Jersey.
Electric Motor (DC), 1873. Inventor : Zenobe Gramme (Belgium) (1826-1901). Exhibited in Vienna.
Electric Motor (AC), 1888. Inventor : Nikola Tesla (U.S.) (1856-1943).
Electromagnet, 1824. Inventor : William Sturgeon (England) (b. 1783); improved by Joseph Henry (U.S.) 1831.
Electromagnetic Induction, 1831. Inventor : Michael Faraday (Great Britain); discovered previously, but not published, by Joseph Henry (United States).
Electronic Computer, 1942. Inventor : J.G. Brainerd, J.P. Eckert, J.W. Mauchly (U.S.). ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Circulator), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Elevator, 1852. Inventor : Elisha G. Otis (U.S.) (1811-61). Earliest elevator at Yonkers, N.Y.
Film (musical), 1923. Inventor : Dr. Lee de Forest (U.S.) New York demonstration (March 13).
Film (talking), 1926. Inventor : Warner Bros. (U.S.). First release Don Juan, Warner Theatre, New York (August 5).
Fluroine, 1886. Discoverer : Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan (France).
Food Frozen, 1923. Inventor : Birdseyes (USA).
Fountain Pen, 1884. Inventor : Lewis E. Waterman (U.S.) (1837-1901). Patented by D. Hyde (U.S.), 1830, undeveloped.
Gas Lighting, 1792. Inventor : William Murdock (Scotland), (1754-1839). Private house in Cornwall, 1792; Factory, Birmingham, 1798; London Street, 1807.
Generator, 1860. Inventor : Piciontti (Italian). Continuous current: improved by Gramme (Belgium). 1870.
Glass (stained), c. 1080. Inventor : Augsberg (Germany). Earliest English, c. 1170, York Minister.
Glassware, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Egypt and Mesopotamia (Today’s Iraq). Glass blowing, Syria, c. 50 BC.
Glider, 1853. Inventor : Sir George Cayley (England) (1773-1857). Near Brompton Hall, Yorkshire, England. Passenger possibly John Appleby.
Gramophone, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Edison (USA).
Gyro-Compass, 1911. Inventor : Elmer A. Sperry (U.S.) (1860-1930). Tested on USS Delaware (August 28). Gyroscope devised 1882 by Foucault (France).
Helicopter, 1930. Inventor : d’ Ascanio (Italy). Co-axial machine. Earliest drawing of principle, Le Mans Museum, France, c. 1460. First serviceable machine by Igor Sikorsky (U.S.). 1939.
Helium, 1868. Discoverer : Sir William Ramsay (Great Britain).
Hovercraft, 1955. Inventor : C.S. Cockerell (England). Patented December 12. Earliest air-cushion vehicle patent was in 1877 by J.I. Thornycroft (1843-1921) (England). First ‘light’ Saunders Roe SRNI at. Cowes, England, (May 30, 1959).
Iron Working, c. 1000 BC. Inventor : Hallstatt, Austria. Introduced into Britain c. 550 BC.
Jet Engine, 1937. Inventor : Sir Frank Whittle (England) (b. 1906). First tested run in 1937. Principles announced by Merconnet (France) 1909 and Maxime Guillaume (France) 1921. First flight August 27, 1939 by Heinkel He.
Laser, 1960. Inventor : Dr. Charles H. Townes (U.S.). First demonstration by Theodore Maiman (U.S.). (Abbreviation for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation).
Lathe, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Greeks for wood-working. Possibly developed from potter’s wheel. Earliest screw cutting lathe by Henry Maudsly (England) (1771-1831).
Launderette, 1934. Inventor : J.F. Cantrell (U.S.), Fort Worth, Texas, April 18.
Laws of Gravitation and Motion, 1687. Discovered : Isaac Newton (England).
Lightning Conductor, 1752. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (U.S.) (1706-90), Philadelphia.
Linoleum, 1860. Inventor : Frederick Walton (England).
Locomotive, 1804. Inventor : Richard Trevithick (England) (1771-1833). Penydarren, Wales, 9 Miles (February 21).
Loom (power), 1785. Inventor : Edmund Cartwright (England) (1743-1823).
Loudspeaker, 1924. Inventor : Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg (U.S.).
Machine Gun, 1861. Inventor : Richard Gaffing (U.S.) (1818-1903).
Maps, c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Sumerians (clay tablets). Earliest world map by Eratosthenes c. 220 BC.
Margarine, 1863. Inventor : Hippolyte Mege-Mouries (France). Initially, made of beef suet, warm milk and sheep stomach lining.
Match (Safety), 1855. Inventor : J.E. Lundstrom (Sweden). Amorphous phosphorus disc, 1845, Anton von Schrotter.
Microphone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). Name coined 1878 by David Hughes.
Microscope, 1590. Inventor : Zacharis Janssen (Netherlands). Compound convex-concave lens.
Microscope (Electron), 1939. Inventor : Vladimir Kosme Sworykin (Russia, later U.S) (b. 1889), et al. Demonstrated Camden, New Jersey, 1940.
Molecular Hypothesis, 1811. Inventor : Amadeo Avogadro (Italy).
Motorcycle, 1848. Inventor : Edward Butler (England). First exhibited 1885 by Daimler, earliest factory in Munich 1893.
Motor Scooter, 1919. Inventor : Greville Bradshaw (England).
Neon Lamp, 1915. Inventor : Georges Claude (France) (1871-1960). First installation in U.S. Cosmopolitan Theatre, July 1923.
Night Club, 1843. Inventor : Paris, France. First was Le Bai des Anglais, Paris.
Nineteenth Laws of Planetary Motion, 1609. Inventor : Johannes Kepler (Germany).
Nylon, 1937. Inventor : Dr. Wallace H. Carothers (U.S.) (1896-1937) at Du Pont Labs, Seaford Delaware, U.S. First stockings made about 1937. Bristle production, February 25, 1938. Yarn production, December 1939.
Oxygen, 1775. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).
Ozone, 1839. Discoverer : Christian Schonbein (Germany).
Paper, c. 150. Invented in China. Introduced to West via Yarkand, c. 750.
Parachute, 1797. Inventor : Andre Jacques Garnerin (France) (1769-1823). First descent from 2,230 ft over Paris. Earliest jump from aircraft March 1, 1912 by Capt A. Berry (U.S.) over St. Louis, Missouri.
Parchment, c. 1300 BC. Inventor : Egypt. Modern name from Pergamam, Asia Minor, c. 250 BC.
Parking Meter, 1935. Inventor : Corlton C. Magee (U.S.). Oklahoma City (July 16).
Phonograph, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). Head cranked cylinder at Menlo Park. J. J. Patent, February 19. First described on April 30, 1877, by Charles Cross (France) (1842-88).
Phosphorus, 1669. Discoverer : Hennig Brand (Germany).
Photography (on metal), 1826. Inventor : Joseph Nicéphore Niepce (France) (1765-1833). Sensitised pewter plate, 8 hrs exposure at Chalon-sur-Saone, France.
Photography (on paper), 1835. Inventor : W. H. Fox Talbot (England) (1807-77). Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, England.
Photography (on film), 1888. Inventor : John Carbutt (U.S.). Kodak by George Eastman (U.S.) (1854-1932), August 1888.
Piano, 1709. Inventor : Cristofori (Italy).
Porcelain, c. 700. Inventor : China. Reached Baghdad, c. 800.
Potter’s Wheel, c. 6500 BC. Inventor : Asia Minor. Used in Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 3000 BC.
Pneumatic Tyre. See bicycle tyres (look alphabetically above).
Printing Press, c. 1455. Inventor : Johannes Gutenberg (Germany) (c. 1400-68). Hand printing known in India in 868.
Printing (Rotary), 1846. Inventor : Richard Hoe (U.S.) (1812-86). Philadelphia public ledger rotary printed, 1847.
Propeller (ship), 1827. Inventor : Francis Smith (England) (1808-74).
Proton, 1919. Discoverer : Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand).
Pyramid, c. 2685 BC. Inventor : Egyptians . Earliest was Zoser step pyramid, Saqqara.
Radar, 1922. Inventors : Dr. Allbert H. Taylor and Leo C. Young (U.S.). Radio reflection effect noted. First harnessed in 1935 by Sir Robert Watson-Watt (England) (b. 1892).
Radioactivity, 1896. Inventor : Antoine Bacqucrel (France).
Radio Telegraphy (over 1 km), 1895. Inventor : Lord Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand) (1871-1937). At Cambridge, England.
Radio Telegraphy (Trans-Atlantic), 1901. Inventor : Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) (18741937). From Poldhu, Cornwall to St. Holn’s, New Zealand (December 12). Earliest broadcast of speech by Prof. Reginald Fessenden (U.S.) (1868-1932) in Brant Rock, Massachusetts, December 24, 1906.
Rayon, 1883. Inventor : Sir Joseph Swann (England) (1828-1917). Production at Courtauld’s Ltd., Coventry, England, November 1905. Name “Rayon” adopted in 1924.
Razor (Safety), 1895. Inventor : King C. Gillette (U.S.). First throw-away blades. Earliest fixed safety razor by Kampfe.
Razor (Electric), 1931. Inventor : Col. Jacob Schick (U.S.). First manufactured Stanford, Connecticut; March 18.
Reaper, 1826. Inventor : Henry Ogle (U.S.). First practical machine invented by Robert McCormick in Walnutt Grove, Virginia, in 1831.
Record (long-playing), 1948. Inventor : Dr. Petter Goldmark (U.S.). Developed in the CBS Research Labs.
Refrigerator, 1851. Inventor : James Harrison [Australian (1816-1893)j Bendigo. Australia, Brewery.
Revolver, 1835. Inventor : Samuel Colt (U.S.) (1814-62).
Rocket Engine, 1926. Inventor : Robert H. Goddard (USA), considered as father of modern rocket propulsion.
Rubber (waterproof), 1819. Inventor : Charles Macintosh (Scotland) (1766-1843). First experiments in Glasgow. Rubber introduced into Europe in 1736.
Rubber (vulcanised), 1841. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S.) (1800-60).
Rubber (tyres), 1857. Inventor : Thomas Hancock (England) (1786-1865). Introduced solid rubber tyres for vehicles (1847) (see also bicycle).
Rubber (latex foam), 1928. Inventor : Dunlop Rubber Co. (England). Team led by E.A. Murphy at Fort Dunlop, Birmingham, England.
Safety Pin, 1849. Inventor : William Hunt (U.S.). First manufactured in New York City.
Sewing Machine: Fundamental principle, double-pointed needle invented by Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal (U.S.), 1755. First patent in England by Thomas Saint, 1790. First machine put to factory use invented by Barthelemy Thimonnier (France) (1793-1854), patented in 1830. The eye pointed needle and double-lock stitch invented by Walter Hunt of New York 1832, but never patented. Elias Howe (1819-67) of Spencer, Mass, developed his machine independently (not aware of Hunt’s work), patented in.,1846. Earliest practical domestic machine invented by Isaac M. Singer (1811-75) of Pittstown, New York, 1851.
Ship (sea-going), c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Egyptian ships traversed Eastern Mediterranean sea.
Ship (steam), 1775. Inventor : J.C. Perier (France) (1742-1818). First trail on the Seine river, near Paris, France.
Ship (turbine), 1894. Inventor : Hon. Sir Charles Parsons (England) (1854-1931). S.S. Turbinia attained 34.5 knots on first trial.
Silicones, 1904. Inventor : Prof. F.S. Kipping (England).
Silk Manufacture, c. 50 BC. Inventor : Reeling machines devised, China. Silk mills in Italy, c. 1250, world’s earliest factories of any kind.
Skyscraper, 1882. Inventor : William Le Baron Jenney (U.S.). Home Insurance Co. Building, Chicago, Illinois, 10-storey (top 4 steel beams).
Slide Rule, 1621. Inventor : William Oughtred (England) (1575-1660). Earliest slide between fixed stock by Robert Bissaker, 1654.
Spectacles (or eyeglasses), c. 1286. Inventor : Venice, Italy (convex). Concave lens myopia not developed till c. 1450.
Spinning Frame, 1769. Inventor : Sir Richard Arkwright (England) (1732-92).
Spinning Jenny, 1764. Inventor : James Hargreaves (England) (d. 1778).
Spinning Mule, 1779. Inventor : Samuel Crompton (England) (c. 1753-1827).
Steam Engine, 1698. Inventor : Thomas Savery (England) (c. 1650-1715).
Steam Engine (piston), 1712. Inventor : Thomas Newcomen (England) (1663-1729).
Steam Engine (condenser), 1765. Inventor : James Watt (Scotland) (1736-1819).
Stirrups (metal), c. 550. Inventor : Ancient Avars. Possibly originated in the eastern steppes of Asia.
Steel Production, 1885. Inventor : Henry Bessemer (The Steel Man) (England) (1813-98). At St. Pancreas, London. Cementation of wrought iron bars by charcoal contact known to Chalybes people of Asia Minor, c. 1440 BC.
Steel (rustless or stainless), 1913. Inventor : Harry Brearley (England). First cast at Sheffield, England (August 20). Knapp patent, October 1912 for chromium carbon steel; failed to recognise corrosion resistance.
Stethoscope, Inventor : Dr. William Stokes (England) (1804-78).
Streetcar (railed), 1550. Inventor : Rail mining tracks, Lieberthal in Alsace region of France.
Streetcar (electric), 1879. Inventor : Ernst Werner von Siemens (Germany) (1813-92). Earliest permanent self-propelled public streetcar at Lichterfelde in Berlin, Germany, 1881. Demonstration at Berlin trade exhibition over 300 yards, May 31,1879.
Submarine, 1776. Inventor : David Bushnell of Saybrook, Connecticut (U.S.).
Synthesizer, 1964. Inventor : Dr. Robert Arthur Moog (USA).
Tank (military), 1914. Inventor : Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton (England) (1868-1951). Built at Leicester, England. Tested in September 1915.
Telegraph, 1837. Inventors : Sir William Cook (1806-79), Sir Charles Wheatstone (England) (1802-75). Demonstrated on 25th July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London.
Telegraph Code, 1837. Inventor: Samuel F.B. Morse (U.S.) (1791-1872). The real credit belonged largely to his assistant, Alfred Vail (U.S.).
Telephone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). First exchange at Boston, Massachusetts, 1878.
Telescope (1st refracting), 1608. Inventor : Hans Lippershey (German-Dutch lensmaker). Demonstrated his invention called ‘kijker’ (meaning ‘looker’ in Dutch) before Dutch parliament on 2nd October 1608.
Time Recorder, 1890. Inventor : Harlow Bundy (USA).
Tractor (1st gasoline/petrol powered engine), 1892. Inventor : John Froelich (U.S.). Completed in Iowa (September 6 1892).
Tractor (Caterpillar), 1900. Inventor: Benjamin Holt (U.S.).
Transformer (induction coil), 1842. Inventor : William Stanley, Jr. (U.S.).
Transistor, 1948. Inventors : John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain (U.S). Researched at Bell Telephone Laboratories. First application for a patent was by Dr Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in Canada in October 1925.
True Nature of Combustion, 1789. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).
Tungsten, 1783. Inventors : Juan José Elhuyar Lubize and Fausto de Elhuyar (both brothers) jointly discovered Tungsten (Spain).
Typewriter, 1864. Inventor : Peter Mitterhofer (1822-1893) (Austria). First practical patent by Christopher Soles (U.S.) (1868).
Uranium, 1841. Discoverer : Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817) (Germany).
Vaccination, 1796. Inventor : Dr. Edward Jenner (England).
Variable Wing, 1956. Inventor : Sir Barnes Neville Wallis (England). First military application in U.S. F-111 Jet Fighter, 1964.
Vitamin A, 1913. Discoverers : Elmer V. McCollum and M. Davis (USA).
Vitamin B, 1916. Discoverer : Elmer V. McCollum (USA).
Vitamin C, 1920. Discoverers : Albert Szent-Györgyi and Charles Glen King (USA).
Vitamin D, 1920. Discoverer : Sir Edward Mellanby (USA). He also studied role of Vitamin D in preventing Rickets in 1919.
Vitamin E, 1922. Discoverer : Sir Herbert McLean Evans (USA).
Vitamin K, 1929. Discoverers : Henrik Dam (Denmark) and Edward Adelbert Doisy (USA).
Washing Machine (electric), 1907 (date not exact, estimated). Inventor : Controversial and exact inventor is unknown. However, Hurley Machine Company of Chicago (U.S) produced first model of electric washer called “Thor” based on design by Alva J. Fisher, (1910).
Watch (self-winding), 1791. Inventor : Abraham-Louis Breguet (France). Rocker Pedometer action.
Welder (electric welding), 1877. Inventor : Elisha Thompson (U.S.) (1853-1937).
Wheel, c. 3800-3600 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Spokes as opposed to solid wheels introduced c. 1900 BC.
Windmill, c. 600 AD. Inventor : Persian corn grinding, oldest known port mill, 1191, Bury St. Edmunds, England.
Writing, c. 3400 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Earliest evidence found at Warka in Iraq.
Xerography, 1938. Inventor : Chester Floyd Carlson (U.S). First photocopier machine marketed in U.S. in 1950.
X-ray, 1895. Inventor : Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Germany). University of Wurzburg (November 8).
Zeppelin, (Rigid Airship) 1899. Inventor : Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany).
Zero (in number system), c. 600. Inventor : Anonymous (India). (Absolute zero temperature; cessation of all molecular energy, 1848, William Thompson and Lord Kelvin, England).
Ziggurats, c. 2000 BC. Inventors : Sumerians. Earliest staged towers at Ur in Iraq.
Zip Fastener, 1893. Inventor : Whitcomb L. Judson (U.S.). First practical fastener or modern zipper invented in U.S. by Gideon Sundback (Sweden) in 1913.
Addressograph, 1893. Inventor : J.S. Duncan (U.S.). Manufactured in Chicago, Illinois.
Airplane, 1903. Inventors: Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912), (U.S.) Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Airship (non-rigid), 1852. Inventor : Henri Giffard (France) (1825-82). Steam-powered propeller flew over Paris (1852).
Airship (rigid), 1900. Inventor : Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany) (1838- 1917). Bodensee.
Antiseptic, 1867. Inventor : Dr. Joseph Lister (England).
Arc Lamp, 1879. Inventor : C.F. Brush (U.S.) (1849-1929). Cleveland, Ohio.
Argon, 1894. Discoverers : Sir William Ramsay and Baron Ray Leigh (Great Britain).
Aspirin, 1899. Inventor : Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany.
Atom Bomb, 1945. Inventor : Julius Robert Oppenheimer (U.S) (1904-1967).
Autogiro, 1923. Inventor : Juan de la Cierva (Spain) (1896-1963). Horizontal unpowered rotor.
Automobile (steam), c. 1769. Inventor : Nicolas Cugnot (France) (1725-1804). Three-wheeled military tractor. Oldest surviving is Italian Bordino (1854) in Turin.
Automobile (gasoline), 1855. Inventor : Karl Benz (Germany) (1844-1929). Earliest model by Father Ferdinand Verbiest (d. 1687) c. 1665 in China. Earliest internal combustion automobile built (1862-63) by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenior (1822-1900) (France). First run by Benz Motorwagon, Manneheim in November or December 1885. Patented in January 29,1886. First powered handcartwith internal combustion engine was by Siegfried Marcus (Austria) (c. 1864).
Bakelite, 1907. Inventor : Lwo H. Backcland (Belgium/U.S.) (1863-1944).
Balloon, 1783. Inventor : Jacques Montgolfier (1755-99) and Joseph Montgolfier (France) (1740-1810). Tethered flight, Paris (October 15); manned free flight, Paris.
Ballpoint Pen, 1888. Inventor : John J. Loud (U.S.). First practical models by Ladisloa and George Biro (Hungary) in 1938.
Barbed Wire, 1873. Inventor : Joseph F. Glidden (U.S.); manufactured at De Kalb, Illinois.
Bicycle Tyres (pneumatic), 1888. Inventor : John Boyd Dunlop (Scotland) (1840-1921). Principle patented but undeveloped by Orbert William Thomson (Scotland), June 10 1885. First motor car pneumatic tyres adapted by Andre and Edouard Michelin (France), 1885 (see rubber tyres).
Bifocal Lens, 1780. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) (U.S.). His earliest experiments began c. 1760.
Bullet, 1849. Inventor : Claude Minie (France).
Bunsen Burner, 1858. Inventor : Robert Wilhelm von Bunsen (Germany) (1811-99). Michael Faraday (1791-1867) (England) had previously designed an adjustable burner.
Burglar Alarm, 1851. Inventor : Edwin T. Holmes (U.S.). Electric installed, Boston Massachusetts (February 21).
Cadmium, 1817. Discovered : Friedrich Stromeyer (Germany).
Cannon (iron), c. 1320. Inventor : Germany. Earliest English illustration dated 1326.
Carburettor, 1876. Inventor : Gottlieb Daimler (Germany) (1834-1900). Carburettor spray; Charles E. Duryea (U.S.) 1892.
Carpet Sweeper, 1876. Inventor : Melville R. Bissell (U.S.). Grand Rapids, March. (Patent, September 19).
Car Radio, 1929. Inventors : William Lear and Elmer Wavering (USA).
Cash Register, 1879. Inventor : James Ritty (U.S.). Built in Dayton, Ohio. Taken over by National Cash Register Co. in 1884.
Cellophane, 1900. Inventor : I.E. Brandenberger (Switzerland). Machine production not before 1911.
Celluloid, 1861. Inventor : Alexander Parkes (England) (1813-90). Invented in Birmingham, England; developed and trade marked by I.W. Hyatt (U.S.) in 1873.
Cement, 1824. Inventor : Joseph Aspdin (England).
Chain Drive, 1491-93. Inventor : Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Drawings made in Milan (Italy) were discovered in Spain in 1967.
Chlorine, 1774. Discoverer : Karl Wilhelm Scheele (Sweden).
Chronometer, 1735. Inventor : John Harrison (England) (1693-1776). Received in 1772 Government £ 20,000 prize.
Cinema, 1895. Inventors: Auguste Marie Louis Nocolas Lumicre (1862-1954) and Louis Jean Lumiere (France) (1864-1948). Development pioneers were Etienne Jules Marcy (France) (1830-1903) and Thomas A. Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First public showing, Paris (December 28, 1895)
Classification of Data for Libraries. Inventor : Melvil Dewey (U.S.) (1851-1913). Introduced his decimal classification in 1876.
Clock (mechanical), 725. Inventors: I-Hsing and Liang Ling-Tsan (China). Earliest escapement 600 years before Europe.
Clock (pendulum), 1657. Inventor : Christian Huygens (Netherlands) (1629-92).
Dacron, 1941. Inventors: J.R. Whinfield (1901-66), J.T. Dickson (England). First available 1950, marketed in U.S.
Dental Plate, 1817. Inventor : Anthony A. Plantson (U.S.) (1774-1837).
Dental Plate (rubber), 1855. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S) (1845-1921).
Diesel Engine, 1895. Inventor : Rudolf Diesel (Germany) (1858-1913). Lower pressure oil engine patent by Stuart Akroyd, 1890. Diesel’s first commercial success, Augsberg, 1897.
Disc Brake, 1902. Inventor : Dr. F. Lanchester (England). First used on aircraft 1953 (Dunlop Rubber Co.).
Electric Battery, 1800. Inventor : Volta (Italian)
Electric Blanket; 1946. Inventor : Simmons Co., Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. Thermostatic control.
Electric Cooking Utensil, 1874. Inventor : St. George Lane-Fox (England).
Electric Fan, 1882. Inventor : Wheeler (USA). Electric Flat Iron, 1882. Inventor : H.W. Seeley (U.S.), New York City.
Electric Generation (Static), 1660. Inventor : Otto von Gueriche (Germany).
Electric Lamp, 1879. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First practical demonstration at Menlo Park, New Jersey.
Electric Motor (DC), 1873. Inventor : Zenobe Gramme (Belgium) (1826-1901). Exhibited in Vienna.
Electric Motor (AC), 1888. Inventor : Nikola Tesla (U.S.) (1856-1943).
Electromagnet, 1824. Inventor : William Sturgeon (England) (b. 1783); improved by Joseph Henry (U.S.) 1831.
Electromagnetic Induction, 1831. Inventor : Michael Faraday (Great Britain); discovered previously, but not published, by Joseph Henry (United States).
Electronic Computer, 1942. Inventor : J.G. Brainerd, J.P. Eckert, J.W. Mauchly (U.S.). ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Circulator), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Elevator, 1852. Inventor : Elisha G. Otis (U.S.) (1811-61). Earliest elevator at Yonkers, N.Y.
Film (musical), 1923. Inventor : Dr. Lee de Forest (U.S.) New York demonstration (March 13).
Film (talking), 1926. Inventor : Warner Bros. (U.S.). First release Don Juan, Warner Theatre, New York (August 5).
Fluroine, 1886. Discoverer : Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan (France).
Food Frozen, 1923. Inventor : Birdseyes (USA).
Fountain Pen, 1884. Inventor : Lewis E. Waterman (U.S.) (1837-1901). Patented by D. Hyde (U.S.), 1830, undeveloped.
Gas Lighting, 1792. Inventor : William Murdock (Scotland), (1754-1839). Private house in Cornwall, 1792; Factory, Birmingham, 1798; London Street, 1807.
Generator, 1860. Inventor : Piciontti (Italian). Continuous current: improved by Gramme (Belgium). 1870.
Glass (stained), c. 1080. Inventor : Augsberg (Germany). Earliest English, c. 1170, York Minister.
Glassware, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Egypt and Mesopotamia (Today’s Iraq). Glass blowing, Syria, c. 50 BC.
Glider, 1853. Inventor : Sir George Cayley (England) (1773-1857). Near Brompton Hall, Yorkshire, England. Passenger possibly John Appleby.
Gramophone, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Edison (USA).
Gyro-Compass, 1911. Inventor : Elmer A. Sperry (U.S.) (1860-1930). Tested on USS Delaware (August 28). Gyroscope devised 1882 by Foucault (France).
Helicopter, 1930. Inventor : d’ Ascanio (Italy). Co-axial machine. Earliest drawing of principle, Le Mans Museum, France, c. 1460. First serviceable machine by Igor Sikorsky (U.S.). 1939.
Helium, 1868. Discoverer : Sir William Ramsay (Great Britain).
Hovercraft, 1955. Inventor : C.S. Cockerell (England). Patented December 12. Earliest air-cushion vehicle patent was in 1877 by J.I. Thornycroft (1843-1921) (England). First ‘light’ Saunders Roe SRNI at. Cowes, England, (May 30, 1959).
Iron Working, c. 1000 BC. Inventor : Hallstatt, Austria. Introduced into Britain c. 550 BC.
Jet Engine, 1937. Inventor : Sir Frank Whittle (England) (b. 1906). First tested run in 1937. Principles announced by Merconnet (France) 1909 and Maxime Guillaume (France) 1921. First flight August 27, 1939 by Heinkel He.
Laser, 1960. Inventor : Dr. Charles H. Townes (U.S.). First demonstration by Theodore Maiman (U.S.). (Abbreviation for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation).
Lathe, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Greeks for wood-working. Possibly developed from potter’s wheel. Earliest screw cutting lathe by Henry Maudsly (England) (1771-1831).
Launderette, 1934. Inventor : J.F. Cantrell (U.S.), Fort Worth, Texas, April 18.
Laws of Gravitation and Motion, 1687. Discovered : Isaac Newton (England).
Lightning Conductor, 1752. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (U.S.) (1706-90), Philadelphia.
Linoleum, 1860. Inventor : Frederick Walton (England).
Locomotive, 1804. Inventor : Richard Trevithick (England) (1771-1833). Penydarren, Wales, 9 Miles (February 21).
Loom (power), 1785. Inventor : Edmund Cartwright (England) (1743-1823).
Loudspeaker, 1924. Inventor : Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg (U.S.).
Machine Gun, 1861. Inventor : Richard Gaffing (U.S.) (1818-1903).
Maps, c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Sumerians (clay tablets). Earliest world map by Eratosthenes c. 220 BC.
Margarine, 1863. Inventor : Hippolyte Mege-Mouries (France). Initially, made of beef suet, warm milk and sheep stomach lining.
Match (Safety), 1855. Inventor : J.E. Lundstrom (Sweden). Amorphous phosphorus disc, 1845, Anton von Schrotter.
Microphone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). Name coined 1878 by David Hughes.
Microscope, 1590. Inventor : Zacharis Janssen (Netherlands). Compound convex-concave lens.
Microscope (Electron), 1939. Inventor : Vladimir Kosme Sworykin (Russia, later U.S) (b. 1889), et al. Demonstrated Camden, New Jersey, 1940.
Molecular Hypothesis, 1811. Inventor : Amadeo Avogadro (Italy).
Motorcycle, 1848. Inventor : Edward Butler (England). First exhibited 1885 by Daimler, earliest factory in Munich 1893.
Motor Scooter, 1919. Inventor : Greville Bradshaw (England).
Neon Lamp, 1915. Inventor : Georges Claude (France) (1871-1960). First installation in U.S. Cosmopolitan Theatre, July 1923.
Night Club, 1843. Inventor : Paris, France. First was Le Bai des Anglais, Paris.
Nineteenth Laws of Planetary Motion, 1609. Inventor : Johannes Kepler (Germany).
Nylon, 1937. Inventor : Dr. Wallace H. Carothers (U.S.) (1896-1937) at Du Pont Labs, Seaford Delaware, U.S. First stockings made about 1937. Bristle production, February 25, 1938. Yarn production, December 1939.
Oxygen, 1775. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).
Ozone, 1839. Discoverer : Christian Schonbein (Germany).
Paper, c. 150. Invented in China. Introduced to West via Yarkand, c. 750.
Parachute, 1797. Inventor : Andre Jacques Garnerin (France) (1769-1823). First descent from 2,230 ft over Paris. Earliest jump from aircraft March 1, 1912 by Capt A. Berry (U.S.) over St. Louis, Missouri.
Parchment, c. 1300 BC. Inventor : Egypt. Modern name from Pergamam, Asia Minor, c. 250 BC.
Parking Meter, 1935. Inventor : Corlton C. Magee (U.S.). Oklahoma City (July 16).
Phonograph, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). Head cranked cylinder at Menlo Park. J. J. Patent, February 19. First described on April 30, 1877, by Charles Cross (France) (1842-88).
Phosphorus, 1669. Discoverer : Hennig Brand (Germany).
Photography (on metal), 1826. Inventor : Joseph Nicéphore Niepce (France) (1765-1833). Sensitised pewter plate, 8 hrs exposure at Chalon-sur-Saone, France.
Photography (on paper), 1835. Inventor : W. H. Fox Talbot (England) (1807-77). Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, England.
Photography (on film), 1888. Inventor : John Carbutt (U.S.). Kodak by George Eastman (U.S.) (1854-1932), August 1888.
Piano, 1709. Inventor : Cristofori (Italy).
Porcelain, c. 700. Inventor : China. Reached Baghdad, c. 800.
Potter’s Wheel, c. 6500 BC. Inventor : Asia Minor. Used in Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 3000 BC.
Pneumatic Tyre. See bicycle tyres (look alphabetically above).
Printing Press, c. 1455. Inventor : Johannes Gutenberg (Germany) (c. 1400-68). Hand printing known in India in 868.
Printing (Rotary), 1846. Inventor : Richard Hoe (U.S.) (1812-86). Philadelphia public ledger rotary printed, 1847.
Propeller (ship), 1827. Inventor : Francis Smith (England) (1808-74).
Proton, 1919. Discoverer : Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand).
Pyramid, c. 2685 BC. Inventor : Egyptians . Earliest was Zoser step pyramid, Saqqara.
Radar, 1922. Inventors : Dr. Allbert H. Taylor and Leo C. Young (U.S.). Radio reflection effect noted. First harnessed in 1935 by Sir Robert Watson-Watt (England) (b. 1892).
Radioactivity, 1896. Inventor : Antoine Bacqucrel (France).
Radio Telegraphy (over 1 km), 1895. Inventor : Lord Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand) (1871-1937). At Cambridge, England.
Radio Telegraphy (Trans-Atlantic), 1901. Inventor : Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) (18741937). From Poldhu, Cornwall to St. Holn’s, New Zealand (December 12). Earliest broadcast of speech by Prof. Reginald Fessenden (U.S.) (1868-1932) in Brant Rock, Massachusetts, December 24, 1906.
Rayon, 1883. Inventor : Sir Joseph Swann (England) (1828-1917). Production at Courtauld’s Ltd., Coventry, England, November 1905. Name “Rayon” adopted in 1924.
Razor (Safety), 1895. Inventor : King C. Gillette (U.S.). First throw-away blades. Earliest fixed safety razor by Kampfe.
Razor (Electric), 1931. Inventor : Col. Jacob Schick (U.S.). First manufactured Stanford, Connecticut; March 18.
Reaper, 1826. Inventor : Henry Ogle (U.S.). First practical machine invented by Robert McCormick in Walnutt Grove, Virginia, in 1831.
Record (long-playing), 1948. Inventor : Dr. Petter Goldmark (U.S.). Developed in the CBS Research Labs.
Refrigerator, 1851. Inventor : James Harrison [Australian (1816-1893)j Bendigo. Australia, Brewery.
Revolver, 1835. Inventor : Samuel Colt (U.S.) (1814-62).
Rocket Engine, 1926. Inventor : Robert H. Goddard (USA), considered as father of modern rocket propulsion.
Rubber (waterproof), 1819. Inventor : Charles Macintosh (Scotland) (1766-1843). First experiments in Glasgow. Rubber introduced into Europe in 1736.
Rubber (vulcanised), 1841. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S.) (1800-60).
Rubber (tyres), 1857. Inventor : Thomas Hancock (England) (1786-1865). Introduced solid rubber tyres for vehicles (1847) (see also bicycle).
Rubber (latex foam), 1928. Inventor : Dunlop Rubber Co. (England). Team led by E.A. Murphy at Fort Dunlop, Birmingham, England.
Safety Pin, 1849. Inventor : William Hunt (U.S.). First manufactured in New York City.
Sewing Machine: Fundamental principle, double-pointed needle invented by Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal (U.S.), 1755. First patent in England by Thomas Saint, 1790. First machine put to factory use invented by Barthelemy Thimonnier (France) (1793-1854), patented in 1830. The eye pointed needle and double-lock stitch invented by Walter Hunt of New York 1832, but never patented. Elias Howe (1819-67) of Spencer, Mass, developed his machine independently (not aware of Hunt’s work), patented in.,1846. Earliest practical domestic machine invented by Isaac M. Singer (1811-75) of Pittstown, New York, 1851.
Ship (sea-going), c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Egyptian ships traversed Eastern Mediterranean sea.
Ship (steam), 1775. Inventor : J.C. Perier (France) (1742-1818). First trail on the Seine river, near Paris, France.
Ship (turbine), 1894. Inventor : Hon. Sir Charles Parsons (England) (1854-1931). S.S. Turbinia attained 34.5 knots on first trial.
Silicones, 1904. Inventor : Prof. F.S. Kipping (England).
Silk Manufacture, c. 50 BC. Inventor : Reeling machines devised, China. Silk mills in Italy, c. 1250, world’s earliest factories of any kind.
Skyscraper, 1882. Inventor : William Le Baron Jenney (U.S.). Home Insurance Co. Building, Chicago, Illinois, 10-storey (top 4 steel beams).
Slide Rule, 1621. Inventor : William Oughtred (England) (1575-1660). Earliest slide between fixed stock by Robert Bissaker, 1654.
Spectacles (or eyeglasses), c. 1286. Inventor : Venice, Italy (convex). Concave lens myopia not developed till c. 1450.
Spinning Frame, 1769. Inventor : Sir Richard Arkwright (England) (1732-92).
Spinning Jenny, 1764. Inventor : James Hargreaves (England) (d. 1778).
Spinning Mule, 1779. Inventor : Samuel Crompton (England) (c. 1753-1827).
Steam Engine, 1698. Inventor : Thomas Savery (England) (c. 1650-1715).
Steam Engine (piston), 1712. Inventor : Thomas Newcomen (England) (1663-1729).
Steam Engine (condenser), 1765. Inventor : James Watt (Scotland) (1736-1819).
Stirrups (metal), c. 550. Inventor : Ancient Avars. Possibly originated in the eastern steppes of Asia.
Steel Production, 1885. Inventor : Henry Bessemer (The Steel Man) (England) (1813-98). At St. Pancreas, London. Cementation of wrought iron bars by charcoal contact known to Chalybes people of Asia Minor, c. 1440 BC.
Steel (rustless or stainless), 1913. Inventor : Harry Brearley (England). First cast at Sheffield, England (August 20). Knapp patent, October 1912 for chromium carbon steel; failed to recognise corrosion resistance.
Stethoscope, Inventor : Dr. William Stokes (England) (1804-78).
Streetcar (railed), 1550. Inventor : Rail mining tracks, Lieberthal in Alsace region of France.
Streetcar (electric), 1879. Inventor : Ernst Werner von Siemens (Germany) (1813-92). Earliest permanent self-propelled public streetcar at Lichterfelde in Berlin, Germany, 1881. Demonstration at Berlin trade exhibition over 300 yards, May 31,1879.
Submarine, 1776. Inventor : David Bushnell of Saybrook, Connecticut (U.S.).
Synthesizer, 1964. Inventor : Dr. Robert Arthur Moog (USA).
Tank (military), 1914. Inventor : Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton (England) (1868-1951). Built at Leicester, England. Tested in September 1915.
Telegraph, 1837. Inventors : Sir William Cook (1806-79), Sir Charles Wheatstone (England) (1802-75). Demonstrated on 25th July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London.
Telegraph Code, 1837. Inventor: Samuel F.B. Morse (U.S.) (1791-1872). The real credit belonged largely to his assistant, Alfred Vail (U.S.).
Telephone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). First exchange at Boston, Massachusetts, 1878.
Telescope (1st refracting), 1608. Inventor : Hans Lippershey (German-Dutch lensmaker). Demonstrated his invention called ‘kijker’ (meaning ‘looker’ in Dutch) before Dutch parliament on 2nd October 1608.
Time Recorder, 1890. Inventor : Harlow Bundy (USA).
Tractor (1st gasoline/petrol powered engine), 1892. Inventor : John Froelich (U.S.). Completed in Iowa (September 6 1892).
Tractor (Caterpillar), 1900. Inventor: Benjamin Holt (U.S.).
Transformer (induction coil), 1842. Inventor : William Stanley, Jr. (U.S.).
Transistor, 1948. Inventors : John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain (U.S). Researched at Bell Telephone Laboratories. First application for a patent was by Dr Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in Canada in October 1925.
True Nature of Combustion, 1789. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).
Tungsten, 1783. Inventors : Juan José Elhuyar Lubize and Fausto de Elhuyar (both brothers) jointly discovered Tungsten (Spain).
Typewriter, 1864. Inventor : Peter Mitterhofer (1822-1893) (Austria). First practical patent by Christopher Soles (U.S.) (1868).
Uranium, 1841. Discoverer : Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817) (Germany).
Vaccination, 1796. Inventor : Dr. Edward Jenner (England).
Variable Wing, 1956. Inventor : Sir Barnes Neville Wallis (England). First military application in U.S. F-111 Jet Fighter, 1964.
Vitamin A, 1913. Discoverers : Elmer V. McCollum and M. Davis (USA).
Vitamin B, 1916. Discoverer : Elmer V. McCollum (USA).
Vitamin C, 1920. Discoverers : Albert Szent-Györgyi and Charles Glen King (USA).
Vitamin D, 1920. Discoverer : Sir Edward Mellanby (USA). He also studied role of Vitamin D in preventing Rickets in 1919.
Vitamin E, 1922. Discoverer : Sir Herbert McLean Evans (USA).
Vitamin K, 1929. Discoverers : Henrik Dam (Denmark) and Edward Adelbert Doisy (USA).
Washing Machine (electric), 1907 (date not exact, estimated). Inventor : Controversial and exact inventor is unknown. However, Hurley Machine Company of Chicago (U.S) produced first model of electric washer called “Thor” based on design by Alva J. Fisher, (1910).
Watch (self-winding), 1791. Inventor : Abraham-Louis Breguet (France). Rocker Pedometer action.
Welder (electric welding), 1877. Inventor : Elisha Thompson (U.S.) (1853-1937).
Wheel, c. 3800-3600 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Spokes as opposed to solid wheels introduced c. 1900 BC.
Windmill, c. 600 AD. Inventor : Persian corn grinding, oldest known port mill, 1191, Bury St. Edmunds, England.
Writing, c. 3400 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Earliest evidence found at Warka in Iraq.
Xerography, 1938. Inventor : Chester Floyd Carlson (U.S). First photocopier machine marketed in U.S. in 1950.
X-ray, 1895. Inventor : Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Germany). University of Wurzburg (November 8).
Zeppelin, (Rigid Airship) 1899. Inventor : Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany).
Zero (in number system), c. 600. Inventor : Anonymous (India). (Absolute zero temperature; cessation of all molecular energy, 1848, William Thompson and Lord Kelvin, England).
Ziggurats, c. 2000 BC. Inventors : Sumerians. Earliest staged towers at Ur in Iraq.
Zip Fastener, 1893. Inventor : Whitcomb L. Judson (U.S.). First practical fastener or modern zipper invented in U.S. by Gideon Sundback (Sweden) in 1913.
Sunday, April 17, 2011
Medical Inventions and Discoveries
Banting—Insulin (as a palliative for diabetes).
Barnard, Christian—Replacing the human heart.
Brahmchari, U.M.—Cure of Kala-a-zar fever.
Davy—Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of chlorine.
Domagk—Sulpha drugs as bactericides.
Eijkman—Cause of Beri-Beri.
Finsen—Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography.
Fleming, Alexander—Penicillin (in 1929).
Harvey—Circulation of blood.
Hahnemann—Homoeopathy (founder).
Hopkins, Frederick Gowland—Vitamin D.
Jenner—Smallpox Vaccination.
Koch—Tubercle Bacillus.
Lainnec—Stethoscope.
Lister, Lord—Antiseptic treatment.
Pasteur, Louis—Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia.
Ronald Ross—Malaria Parasite.
Salk, Jonas E.—Anti-polio Vaccine.
Simpson and Harrison—Chloroform.
Waksman—Streptomycin.
Barnard, Christian—Replacing the human heart.
Brahmchari, U.M.—Cure of Kala-a-zar fever.
Davy—Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of chlorine.
Domagk—Sulpha drugs as bactericides.
Eijkman—Cause of Beri-Beri.
Finsen—Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography.
Fleming, Alexander—Penicillin (in 1929).
Harvey—Circulation of blood.
Hahnemann—Homoeopathy (founder).
Hopkins, Frederick Gowland—Vitamin D.
Jenner—Smallpox Vaccination.
Koch—Tubercle Bacillus.
Lainnec—Stethoscope.
Lister, Lord—Antiseptic treatment.
Pasteur, Louis—Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia.
Ronald Ross—Malaria Parasite.
Salk, Jonas E.—Anti-polio Vaccine.
Simpson and Harrison—Chloroform.
Waksman—Streptomycin.
Mechanical Inventions and Discoveries
Austin—Motor Car.
Bell, Graham—Telephone.
Berliner—Microphone.
Brequet—Helicopter.
Bushwell—Submarine.
Caxton—Printing Press.
Colt—Revolver.
Daimler—Gas engine.
Davy—Miner’s Safety Lamp.
Diesel—Internal Combustion engine (Diesel engine).
Dunlop—Pneumatic tyre.
Edison—First electric bulb and gramophone.
Faraday—Dynamo.
Fick—Law of Diffusion—Fick’s Law.
Frank Whittle—Jet propulsion.
Fulton—Stream boat.
Galileo—Telescope.
Gillette—Safety razor.
Guttenburg—Art of Printing.
Hoe—Rotary Printing Press.
Howe—Sewing Machine.
Huygens—Pendulum clock.
James Watt—Steam engine (patented in 1769).
Landstrom, J.E.—Safety Matches.
Macmillan—Bicycle (1842).
Mauser—Magazine of rifle.
Mercator—Celestial and a terrestrial globe.
Montgolfier—Balloon (1883)
Pascal—Calculating Machine.
Puckle, James—Machine gun
Shockley—Transistor.
Sholes—Typewriter.
Stephenson—Railway engine.
Swinton—Military tank.
Torricelli—Barometer.
Watt, Robert Watson—Radar.
W. & O. Wright (Wright Brothers)—Aeroplane (1903).
Waterman—Fountain pen.
Zeiss—Lenses; Camera.
Scientific Inventions
| YEAR | INVENTION OR DISCOVERY | INVENTOR OR DISCOVERER | NATIONALITY |
| 1590 | Compound microscope | Zacharias Janssen | Dutch |
| 1593 | Water thermometer | Galileo | Italian |
| 1608 | Telescope | Hans Lippershey | Dutch |
| 1625 | Blood transfusion | Jean-Baptiste Denys | French |
| 1629 | Steam turbine | Giovanni Branca | Italian |
| 1642 | Adding machine | Blaise Pascal | French |
| 1643 | Barometer | Evangelista Torricelli | Italian |
| 1650 | Air pump | Otto von Guericke | German |
| 1656 | Pendulum clock | Christiaan Huygens | Dutch |
| 1668 | Reflecting telescope | Isaac Newton | English |
| 1671 | Calculating machine | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | German |
| 1698 | Steam pump | Thomas Savery | English |
| 1701 | Seed drill | Jethro Tull | English |
| 1705 | Steam engine | Thomas Newcomen | British |
| 1710 | Piano | Bartolomeo Cristofori | Italian |
| 1714 | Mercury thermometer | Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit | German |
| 1717 | Diving bell | Edmund Halley | English |
| 1725 | Stereotyping | William Ged | Scottish |
| 1745 | Leyden jar (condenser) | E.G. von Kleist | German |
| 1752 | Lightning rod | Benjamin Franklin | American |
| 1758 | Achromatic lens | John Dollond | British |
| 1759 | Marine chronometer | John Harrison | British |
| 1764 | Spinning jenny | James Hargreaves | British |
| 1769 | Spinning frame | R. Arkwright | English |
| 1769 | Steam engine (with separate condenser) | James Watt | British |
| 1770 | Automobile | Nicholas Joseph Cugnot | French |
| 1775 | Submarine | David Bushnell | American |
| 1780 | Steel pen | Samuel Harrison | English |
| 1780 | Bifocal lens | Benjamin Franklin | American |
| 1783 | Balloon | Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques tienne Montgolfier | French |
| 1784 | Threshing machine | Andrew Meikle | British |
| 1785 | Power loom | Edmund Cartwright | British |
| 1786 | Steamboat | John Fitch | American |
| 1788 | Flyball governor | James Watt | British |
| 1791 | Gas turbine | John Barber | British |
| 1792 | Illuminating gas | William Murdock | Scottish |
| 1793 | Cotton gin | Eli Whitney | American |
| 1795 | Hydraulic press | Joseph Bramah | English |
| 1796 | Lithography | Aloys Senefelder | German |
| 1796 | Smallpox vaccination | Edward Jenner | British |
| 1799 | Fourdrinier machine (papermaking) | Louis Robert | French |
| 1800 | Jacquard Loom | Joseph Marie Jacquard | French |
| 1800 | Electric battery | Count Alessandro Volta | Italian |
| 1801 | Pattern loom | Joseph Marie Jacquard | French |
| 1804 | Screw propeller | John Stevens | American |
| 1804 | Solid-fuel rocket | William Congreve | British |
| 1804 | Steam locomotive | Richard Trevithick | British |
| 1805 | Electroplating | Luigi Gasparo Brugnatelli | Italian |
| 1810 | Food preservation (by sterilization and exclusion of air) | Franois Appert | French |
| 1810 | Printing Press | Frederick Koenig | German |
| 1814 | Railroad locomotive | George Stephenson | British |
| 1815 | Safety lamp | Sir Humphry Davy | British |
| 1816 | Bicycle | Karl D. Sauerbronn | German |
| 1819 | Stethoscope | Ren Thophile Hyacinthe Lannec | French |
| 1820 | Hygrometer | J.F. Daniell | English |
| 1820 | Galvanometer | Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger | German |
| 1821 | Electric motor | Michael Faraday | British |
| 1823 | Electromagnet | William Sturgeon | British |
| 1824 | Portland cement | Joseph Aspdin | British |
| 1827 | Friction match | John Walker | British |
| 1829 | Typewriter | W.A. Burt | American |
| 1829 | Braille printing | Louis Braille | French |
| 1830 | Platform scales | Thaddeus Fairbanks | American |
| 1830 | Sewing machine | Barthlemy Thimonnier | French |
| 1831 | Phosphorus match | Charles Sauria | French |
| 1831 | Reaper | Cyrus Hall McCormick | American |
| 1831 | Dynamo | Michael Faraday | British |
| 1834 | Electric streetcar | Thomas Davenport | American |
| 1835 | Pistol (revolver) | Samuel Colt | American |
| 1837 | Telegraph | Samuel Finley Breese Morse Sir Charles Wheatstone | American British |
| 1838 | Morse code | Samuel Finley Breese Morse | American |
| 1839 | Photography | Louis Jacques Mand Daguerre and Joseph Nicphore Niepce William Henry Fox Talbot | French British |
| 1839 | Vulcanized rubber | Charles Goodyear | American |
| 1839 | Steam hammer | James Nasmyth | Scottish |
| 1840 | Bicycle | Kirkpatrick MacMillan | British |
| 1845 | Pneumatic tire | Robert William Thompson | American |
| 1846 | Rotary printing press | Richard March Hoe | American |
| 1846 | Guncotton | Christian Friedrich Schnbein | German |
| 1846 | Ether | Crawford Williamson Long | American |
| 1849 | Reinforced concrete | F.J. Monier | French |
| 1849 | Safety pin | Walter Hunt | American |
| 1849 | Water turbine | James Bicheno Francis | American |
| 1850 | Mercerized cotton | John Mercer | British |
| 1851 | Breech-loading rifle | Edward Maynard | American |
| 1851 | Opthalmoscope | Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz | German |
| 1852 | Nonrigid airship | Henri Giffard | French |
| 1852 | Elevator (with brake) | Elisha Graves Otis | American |
| 1852 | Gyroscope | Jean Bernard Lon Foucault | French |
| 1855 | Hypodermic syringe | Alexander Wood | Scottish |
| 1855 | Safety matches | J.E. Lundstrom | Swedish |
| 1855 | Gas burner | Robert Wilhelm Bunsen | German |
| 1856 | Bessemer converter (steel) | Sir Henry Bessemer | British |
| 1858 | Harvester | Charles and William Marsh | American |
| 1859 | Spectroscope | Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen | German |
| 1860 | Gas engine | tienne Lenoir | French |
| 1861 | Web-fed newspaper printing press | Richard March Hoe | American |
| 1861 | Electric furnace | Wilhelm Siemens | British |
| 1861 | Machine gun | Richard Jordan Gatling | American |
| 1861 | Kinematoscope | Coleman Sellers | American |
| 1865 | Antiseptic surgery | Joseph Lister | English |
| 1866 | Paper (from wood pulp, sulfite process) | Benjamin Chew Tilghman | American |
| 1866 | Dynamite | Alfred Bernhard Nobel | Swedish |
| 1868 | Dry cell | Georges Leclanch | French |
| 1868 | Typewriter | Carlos Glidden and Christopher Latham Sholes | American |
| 1868 | Air brake | George Westinghouse | American |
| 1870 | Celluloid | John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt | American |
| 1874 | Quadruplex telegraph | Thomas Alva Edison | American |
| 1876 | Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell | American |
| 1877 | Internal-combustion engine (four-cycle) | Nikolaus August Otto | German |
| 1877 | Talking machine (phonograph) | Thomas Alva Edison | American |
| 1877 | Microphone | Emile Berliner | American |
| 1877 | Electric welding | Elihu Thomson | American |
| 1877 | Refrigerator car | G.F. Swift | American |
| 1878 | Cathode ray tube | Sir William Crookes | British |
| 1879 | Cash register | James J. Ritty | American |
| 1879 | Incandescent filament lamp | Thomas Alva Edison Sir Joseph Wilson Swan | American British |
| 1879 | Automobile engine (two-cycle) | Karl Benz | German |
| 1879 | Arc lamp | Charles Francis Bush | American |
| 1880 | Linotype | Ottmar Mergenthaler | American |
| 1884 | Steam turbine | C.A. Parsons | English |
| 1884 | Rayon (nitrocellulose) | Comte Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet | French |
| 1884 | Multiple-wheel steam turbine | Sir Charles Algernon Parsons | British |
| 1884 | Nipkow disk (mechanical television scanning device) | Paul Gottlieb Nipkow | German |
| 1884 | Fountain pen | Lewis Edson Waterman | American |
| 1885 | Graphophone (dictating machine) | Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter | American |
| 1885 | AC transformer | William Stanley | American |
| 1887 | Air-inflated rubber tire | J.B. Dunlop | Scottish |
| 1887 | Gramophone (disk records) | Emile Berliner | American |
| 1887 | Gas mantle | Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach | Austrian |
| 1887 | Mimeograph | Albert Blake Dick | American |
| 1887 | Monotype | Tolbert Lanston | American |
| 1888 | Adding machine (recording) | William Seward Burroughs | American |
| 1888 | Kodak camera | George Eastman | American |
| 1889 | Steam turbine | C.G. de Laval | Swedish |
| 1890 | Rayon (cuprammonium) | Louis Henri Despeissis | French |
| 1891 | Glider | Otto Lilienthal | German |
| 1891 | Synthetic rubber | Sir William Augustus Tilden | British |
| 1892 | AC motor | Nikola Tesla | American |
| 1892 | Three-color camera | Frederick Eugene Ives | American |
| 1892 | Rayon (viscose) | Charles Frederick Cross | British |
| 1892 | Vacuum bottle (Dewar flask) | Sir James Dewar | British |
| 1893 | Photoelectric cell | Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel | German |
| 1893 | Diesel engine | Rudolf Diesel | German |
| 1893 | Gasoline automobile | Charles Edgar Duryea and J. Frank Duryea | American |
| 1893 | Motion picture machine | Thomas Alva Edison | American |
| 1894 | Motion picture projection | Louis Jean Lumire and Auguste Marie Lumire Charles Francis Jenkins | French American |
| 1895 | X-ray | Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen | German |
| 1895 | Rayon (acetate) | Charles Frederick Cross | British |
| 1896 | Experimental airplane | Samuel Pierpont Langley | American |
| 1896 | Wireless telegraph | Marchese Guglielmo Marconi | Italian |
| 1898 | Sensitized photographic paper | Leo Hendrik Baekeland | American |
| 1900 | Rigid dirigible airship | Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin | German |
| 1902 | Radiotelephone | Valdemar Poulsen Reginald Aubrey Fessenden | Danish American |
| 1903 | Airplane | Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright | American |
| 1903 | Electrocardiograph | Willem Einthoven | Dutch |
| 1905 | Diode rectifier tube (radio) | Sir John Ambrose Fleming | British |
| 1906 | Gyrocompass | Hermann Anschotz-Kompfe | German |
| 1907 | Bakelite | Leo Hendrik Baekeland | American |
| 1907 | Triode amplifier tube (radio) | Lee De Forest | American |
| 1908 | Two-color motion picture camera | C. Albert Smith | British |
| 1909 | Salvarsan | Paul Ehrlich | German |
| 1910 | Hydrogenation of coal | Friedrich Bergius | German |
| 1910 | Gyroscopic compass and stabilizer | Elmer Ambrose Sperry | American |
| 1911 | Air conditioning | W.H. Carrier | American |
| 1911 | Vitamins | Casimir Funk | Polish |
| 1911 | Cellophane | Jacques Edwin Brandenberger | Swiss |
| 1911 | Neon lamp | Georges Claude | French |
| 1912 | Mercury-vapor lamp | Peter Cooper Hewitt | American |
| 1913 | Ramjet engine | Reno Lorin | French |
| 1913 | Multigrid electron tube | Irving Langmuir | American |
| 1913 | Cracked gasoline | William Meriam Burton | American |
| 1913 | Heterodyne radio receiver | Reginald Aubrey Fessenden | American |
| 1915 | Automobile self-starter | Charles Franklin Kettering | American |
| 1916 | Browning gun (automatic rifle) | John Moses Browning | American |
| 1916 | Gas-filled incandescent lamp | Irving Langmuir | American |
| 1916 | X-ray tube | William David Coolidge | American |
| 1919 | Mass spectrograph | Sir Francis William Aston Arthur Jeffrey Dempster | British American |
| 1922 | Insulin | Sir Frederick Grant Banting | Canadian |
| 1922-26 | Sound motion pictures | T.W. Case | American |
| 1923 | Television iconoscope | Vladimir Kosma Zworykin | American |
| 1925 | Quick-frozen food | Clarence Birdseye | American |
| 1925 | Television image dissector tube | Philo Taylor Farnsworth | American |
| 1926 | Liquid-fuel rocket | Robert Hutchings Goddard | American |
| 1928 | Penicillin | Sir Alexander Fleming | British |
| 1930 | Nylon (fiber-forming synthetic polyamides) | Wallace Hume Carothers | American |
| 1930 | Bathysphere | (Charles) William Beebe | American |
| 1930 | Freon (low-boiling fluorine compounds) | Thomas Midgley and coworkers | American |
| 1930 | Modern gas-turbine engine | Sir Frank Whittle | British |
| 1930 | Neoprene (synthetic rubber) | Father Julius Arthur Nieuwland and Wallace Hume Carothers | American |
| 1931 | Cyclotron | Ernest Orlando Lawrence | American |
| 1931 | Differential analyzer (analogue computer) | Vannevar Bush | American |
| 1932 | Phase contrast microscope | Frits Zernike | Dutch |
| 1932 | Van de Graaff generator | Robert Jemison Van de Graaff | American |
| 1933 | Frequency modulation (FM) | Edwin Howard Armstrong | American |
| 1935 | Buna (synthetic rubber) | German scientists | German |
| 1935 | Radiolocator (radar) | Sir Robert Watson-Watt | British |
| 1935 | Cortisone | Edward Calvin Kendall Tadeus Reichstein | American Swiss |
| 1935 | Electron microscope | German scientists | German |
| 1935 | Sulfanllamide | Gerhard Domagk | German |
| 1936 | Twin-rotor helicopter | Heinrich Focke | German |
| 1937 | Nylon | Wallace Hume Carothers | American |
| 1939 | DDT | Paul Moller | Swiss |
| 1939 | Helicopter | Igor Sikorsky | American |
| 1940 | Betatron | Donald William Kerst | American |
| 1941 | Turbojet aircraft engine | Sir Frank Whittle | British |
| 1942 | Guided missile | Wernher von Braun | German |
| 1942 | Nuclear reactor | Enrico Fermi | American |
| 1942 | Xerography | Chester Carlson | American |
| 1944 | V-2 (rocket-propelled bomb) | German scientists | German |
| 1945 | Atomic bomb | U.S. government scientists | American |
| 1945 | Streptomycin | Selman A. Waksman | American |
| 1946 | Electronic digital computer | John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John W. Mauchly | American |
| 1947 | Holography | Dennis Gabon | English |
| 1947 | Chlormycetin | Mildred Rebstock | American |
| 1947 | Polaroid Land camera | Edwin Herbert Land | American |
| 1947 | Bathyscaphe | Auguste Piccard | Swiss |
| 1947 | Microwave oven | Percy L. Spencer | American |
| 1948 | Scintillation counter | Hartmut Kallmann | German |
| 1948 | Aureomycin | Benjamin Minge Duggar and Chandra Bose Subba Row | American |
| 1948 | Transistor | John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Shockley | American |
| 1949 | Ramjet airplane | Reno Leduc | French |
| 1950 | Color television | Peter Carl Goldmark | American |
| 1952 | Hydrogen bomb | U.S. government scientists | American |
| 1952 | Bubble chamber (nuclear particle detector) | Donald Arthur Glaser | American |
| 1953 | Maser | Charles Townes | American |
| 1954 | Solar battery | Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists | American |
| 1954 | Polio vaccine | Jonas Salk | American |
| 1955 | Synthetic diamonds | General Electric scientists | American |
| 1955 | Carbon dating | W.F. Libby | American |
| 1956 | Hovercraft | Christopher Cockerell | English |
| 1956 | First prototype rotary engine | Felix Wankel | German |
| 1956 | Videotape | Charles Ginsberg Ray Dolby | American |
| 1957 | Sodium-cooled atomic reactor | U.S. government scientists | American |
| 1957 | Artificial earth satellite | USSR government scientists | Soviet |
| 1958 | Communications satellite | U.S. government scientists | American |
| 1959 | Integrated circuit | Jack Kilby Robert Noyce | American |
| 1960 | Laser | Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, and Gordon Gould | American |
| 1960 | Chlorophyll synthesized | Robert Burns Woodward | American |
| 1960 | Birth-control pill | Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and Min-chueh Chang | American |
| 1962 | Light-emitting diode (LED) | Nick Holonyak, Jr. | American |
| 1964 | Liquid-crystal display | George Heilmeier | American |
| 1966 | Artificial heart (left ventricle) | Michael Ellis DeBakey | American |
| 1967 | Human heart transplant | Christiaan Neethling Barnard | South Africa |
| 1970 | First complete synthesis of a gene | Har Gobind Khorana | American |
| 1971 | Microprocessor | Ted Hoff | American |
| 1971 | Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging | Raymond Damadian | American |
| 1972 | Electronic pocket calculator | J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman | American |
| 1972 | First magnetohydrodynamic power generator | USSR government scientists | Soviet |
| 1973 | Skylab orbiting space laboratory | U.S. government scientists | American |
| 1974 | Recombinant DNA (genetic engineering) | U.S. scientists | American |
| 1975 | CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanner | Godfrey N. Hounsfield | British |
| 1975 | Fiberoptics | Bell Laboratories | American |
| 1976 | Supercomputer | J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray | American |
| 1978 | Synthesis of human insulin genes | Roberto Crea, Tadaaki Hirose, Adam Kraszewski, and Keiichi Itakura | American |
| 1978 | Mammal to mammal gene transplants | Paul Berg, Richard Mulligan, and Bruce Howard | American |
| 1978 | Jarvik-7 artificial heart | Robert K. Jarvik | American |
| 1979 | Compact disc | Joop Sinjou Toshi Tada Doi | Dutch Japanese |
| 1979 | Genetic flaw repaired in mouse cells by recombinant DNA and micromanipulation techniques | W. French Anderson and coworkers | American |
| 1981 | Space transportation system (space shuttle) | National Aeronautics and Space Administration engineers | American |
| 1983 | Scanning tunneling microscope | Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer | German Swiss |
| 1986 | High-temperature superconductors | J. Georg Bednorz Karl A. Moller | German Swiss |
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