COUNTRIES WITH LONGEST COASTLINES

▲	Country	km
1.	Monaco	4
2.	Bosnia and Herzegovina	20
3.	Tuvalu	24
4.	Jordan	26
5.	Nauru	30
6.	Congo, Democratic Republic of the	37
7.	Slovenia	47
8.	Togo	56
9.	Iraq	58
10.	Belgium	67
11.	Gambia, The	80
12.	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	84
13.	Lithuania	90
14.	Barbados	97
15.	Benin	121
16.	Grenada	121
17.	Saint Kitts and Nevis	135
18.	Dominica	148
19.	Antigua and Barbuda	153
20.	Saint Lucia	158
21.	Bahrain	161
22.	Brunei	161
23.	Congo, Republic of the	169
24.	Mauritius	177
25.	Singapore	193
26.	Syria	193
27.	Malta	197
28.	Sao Tome and Principe	209
29.	Lebanon	225
30.	Romania	225
31.	Israel	273
32.	Montenegro	294
33.	Equatorial Guinea	296
34.	El Salvador	307
35.	Georgia	310
36.	Djibouti	314
37.	Guinea	320
38.	Comoros	340
39.	Guinea-Bissau	350
40.	Bulgaria	354
41.	Albania	362
42.	Trinidad and Tobago	362
43.	Marshall Islands	370
44.	Belize	386
45.	Suriname	386
46.	Guatemala	400
47.	Cameroon	402
48.	Sierra Leone	402
49.	Samoa	403
50.	Tonga	419
51.	Poland	440
52.	Cambodia	443
53.	Netherlands	451
54.	Guyana	459
55.	Seychelles	491
56.	Latvia	498
57.	Kuwait	499
58.	Cote d'Ivoire	515
59.	Senegal	531
60.	Kenya	536
61.	Ghana	539
62.	Qatar	563
63.	Liberia	579
64.	Bangladesh	580
65.	Maldives	644
66.	Cyprus	648
67.	Uruguay	660
68.	Timor-Leste	706
69.	Mauritania	754
70.	Honduras	820
71.	Nigeria	853
72.	Sudan	853
73.	Gabon	885
74.	Nicaragua	910
75.	Cape Verde	965
76.	Algeria	998
77.	Jamaica	1,022
78.	Pakistan	1,046
79.	Fiji	1,129
80.	Kiribati	1,143
81.	Tunisia	1,148
82.	Finland	1,250
83.	Dominican Republic	1,288
84.	Costa Rica	1,290
85.	United Arab Emirates	1,318
86.	Sri Lanka	1,340
87.	Tanzania	1,424
88.	Ireland	1,448
89.	Palau	1,519
90.	Namibia	1,572
91.	Angola	1,600
92.	Libya	1,770
93.	Haiti	1,771
94.	Portugal	1,793
95.	Morocco	1,835
96.	Yemen	1,906
97.	Burma	1,930
98.	Oman	2,092
99.	Eritrea	2,234
100.	Ecuador	2,237
101.	Germany	2,389
102.	Korea, South	2,413
103.	Peru	2,414
104.	Iran	2,440
105.	Egypt	2,450
106.	Mozambique	2,470
107.	Panama	2,490
108.	Korea, North	2,495
109.	Vanuatu	2,528
110.	Saudi Arabia	2,640
111.	Ukraine	2,782
112.	South Africa	2,798
113.	Venezuela	2,800
114.	Somalia	3,025
115.	Colombia	3,208
116.	Sweden	3,218
117.	Thailand	3,219
118.	Vietnam	3,444
119.	Bahamas, The	3,542
120.	Cuba	3,735
121.	Estonia	3,794
122.	Malaysia	4,675
123.	Madagascar	4,828
124.	Spain	4,964
125.	Iceland	4,970
126.	Argentina	4,989
127.	Papua New Guinea	5,152
128.	Solomon Islands	5,313
129.	Croatia	5,835
130.	Micronesia, Federated States of	6,112
131.	Chile	6,435
132.	India	7,000
133.	Turkey	7,200
134.	Denmark	7,314
135.	Brazil	7,491
136.	Italy	7,600
137.	Mexico	9,330
138.	United Kingdom	12,429
139.	Greece	13,676
140.	China	14,500
141.	New Zealand	15,134
142.	United States	19,924
143.	Norway	25,148
144.	Australia	25,760
145.	Japan	29,751
146.	Philippines	36,289
147.	Russia	37,653
148.	Indonesia	54,716
149.	Canada	202,080

10 Longest Rivers In The World

10. Zaire River

Zaire River is also called The Congo river and it is the deepest river in the world. Its depth is in excess of 230 meters. The length of the river is 2716 miles and it flows through the Congo rainforest, the second rainforest area in the world. Congo River discharges a behemoth amount of water at its mouth with average of 41,000 cubic meters per second.

9. Irtysh River

Its name means White River and it is located in Siberia, Russia. It is the main tributary of the Ob River and is the longest river-port in Western Siberia. The main cities which come on the Irtysh from its long journey from source to the mouth are Fuyun (China), Burqin (China), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and Tara (Russia). The length of the river is 2758 miles.

8. Parana River

This river is as big as a sea as its name suggests. Parana is an abbreviation of the phrase “para rehe onava” which has its origin in the Tupi language and means “like the sea”. The total estimated length of the river is 2795 miles. It merges with the Paraguay River and then with the Uruguay River to form Rio de la Plata and finally it empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

7. Yenisei River

It is also written as Yenisey and it is the central of the three great Siberian Rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean. The maximum depth of this river is 24 meters and the average depth is 14 meters. The Russian primary industry counts on this river as many hydroelectric dams have been built on its way. Its estimated length is 2800 miles.

6. Huang Ho

It is the second largest river in China and sixth largest in the world. Its estimated length is about 2900 miles. Huang Ho River is also called The Yellow River and it flows through nine provinces of China and flows into the Bohai Sea at the end. One interesting information for those who love knowing about the origin if different idioms and that is the idiom “when the Yellow river flows clear” has Chinese origin and it is used when referring to something that is never going to happen. For instance, when the Yellow river flows clear, only then we will stop reading articles in tiptopsten.com! – I guess now you will never forget the usage of this idiom.

5. Ob River

It also called Obi and is one of the major rivers in Western Siberia. It ranks among the Russia’s fourth longest river. The estimated length of Ob River is 3459 miles. Ob River has almost 50 different species of fish and is used primarily for irrigation, hydroelectric energy and drinking water.

4. Chang Jiang

It is also called The Yangtze, and it the Asia’s longest river. It is of prime significance to China as it drains China’s one-fifth land area and its river basin is home to one-third of Chinese people. It is a dividing line between North and South China and two regions depict different cultures. Chang Jian contributes to 20% of China’s overall GDP.

3. Mississippi-Missouri-Red Rock

The river system starts in Montana at the Red Rocks River, and then quickly turns into the Jefferson River which then joins with Madison and Gallatin River to form Missouri river. Upon reaching Missouri State, the river joins up with the Mississippi river. This river system serves the purpose of USA’s transportation, industry and recreation. The average length is 3710 miles.

2. Amazon

This river of South America is the second largest river in the world and accounts for approximately one-fifth of the world’s total river. Because of its mammoth dimensions, it is sometimes called The River Sea. Its length is about 3912 miles. More than one-third of all the species in the world live in the Amazon River.

1. Nile

Undoubtedly, it is the world’s longest river and has two major tributaries which are White Nile and Blue Nile. Blue Nile is the source of much of the water as well as brings a great deal of fertility to the river Nile. Nile empties into a large delta that consequently empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Its length is approximately is 4180 miles.

International Organisations and their Headquarters

Organisation	Headquarters
UNO	New York
UNICEF	New York
UNESCO	Paris
UNIDO	Vienna
WHO	Geneva
UNFPA	New York
ILO	Geneva
IMF	Washington DC
WTO	Geneva
International Court Of Justice	The Hague
International Atomic Energy Agency	Vienna
World Bank	Washington D.C.
International Committee of the Red Cross	Geneva
International Maritime Organisation	London
Universal Postal Union	Berne
Food and Agricultural Organisation	Rome
World Meteorological Organisation	Geneva
SAARC	Kathmandu
Amnesty International	London
Transparency International	Berlin
World Intellectual Property Organization	Geneva
International Renewable Energy Agency	Abu Dhabi (UAE) (Interim HQs)
Commonwealth of Nations	London
International Standards Organisation	Geneva

Social Movements/Organisations and their founders

Movement/Organisation	Founder
Vanmahotsav	KM Munshi
Saryodaya, Bhoodan	Acharya Vinobha Bhave
Chipko	Sunderlal Bahaguna
Servants of India Society	GK Gokhale
Servants of People Society	Lala Lajpat Rai
Servants of God or Khudai Khidmatgar	Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Gyan Prasarak Mandali	Dadabhai Naoroji
Theosophical Society	Madame H. P. Blavatsky
Missionaries of Charity	Mother Teresa
Home Rule Movement	Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar
Narmada Bachao	Medha Patkar
Prarthana Samaj	RG Bhandarkar & MG Ranade
Arya Samaj	Dayanand Saraswati (Guj)
Brahmo Samaj	Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Self-respect Movement	EV Ramaswamy Naicker
Tattvabodhini Sabha	Debendranath Tagore
Sadbhavna ke Sipahi	Sunil Datt
Satyasodhak Samaj	Jyotiba Phule (Mah)
Shree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam	Shri Narayaana Guru
Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha	Dr BR Ambedkar
Dev Samaj (an atheistic movement)	Swami Satyanand Agnihotri
Aligarh movement	Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh	Dr Baliram Hedgewar
Abhinav Bharat	Vir Savarkar
Sulabh International	Dr Bindeshwar Pathak
Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan	Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Red Cross	JH Dunant
Scouts	Baden Powell
Guides	Lady Agnes Baden Powell
Amnesty International	Peter Benenson
Transparency International	Peter Eigen
Back to the Vedas slogan was given by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He also started the Shuddhi movement and brought back to Hinduism many people who had embraced Islam or Christianity. (D.A.V – Dayanand Anglo Vernacular)

Writs - Provisions in Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs as mentioned above for enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of Indian Constitution. (Article 32) Thus the power to issue writs is primarily a provision made to make available the Right to Constitutional Remedies to every citizen. The Right to Constitutional Remedies, as we know, is a guarantor of all other fundamental rights available to the people of India.
In addition to the above, the Constitution also provides for the Parliament to confer on the Supreme Court power to issue writs, for purposes other than those mentioned above.
Similary High Courts in India are also empowered to issue writs for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.

Types of Writs

There are five types of Writs - Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo warranto.

1. Habeas Corpus

"Habeas Corpus" is a Latin term which literally means "you may have the body." The writ is issued to produce a person who has been detained , whether in prison or in private custody, before a court and to release him if such detention is found illegal.

2. Mandamus

Mandamus is a Latin word, which means "We Command". Mandamus is an order from the Supreme Court or High Court to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform a public or statutory duty. This writ of command is issued by the Supreme Court of High court when any government, court, corporation or any public authority has to do a public duty but fails to do so.

3. Certiorari

Literally, Certiorari means to be certified. The writ of certiorari can be issued by the Supreme Court or any High Court for quashing the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi judicial authority. There are several conditions necessary for the issue of writ of certiorari

1. There should be court, tribunal or an officer having legal authority to determine the question with a duty to act judicially.
2. Such a court, tribunal or officer must have passed an order acting without jurisdiction or in excess of the judicial authority vested by law in such court, tribunal or officer.
3. The order could also be against the principles of natural justice or the order could contain an error of judgment in appreciating the facts of the case.

4. Prohibition

The Writ of prohibition means to forbid or to stop and it is popularly known as 'Stay Order'. This writ is issued when a lower court or a body tries to transgress the limits or powers vested in it. The writ of prohibition is issued by any High Court or the Supreme Court to any inferior court, or quasi judicial body prohibiting the latter from continuing the proceedings in a particular case, where it has no jurisdiction to try. After the issue of this writ, proceedings in the lower court etc. come to a stop.

Difference between Prohibition and Certiorari:

1. While the writ of prohibition is available during the pendency of proceedings, the writ of certiorari can be resorted to only after the order or decision has been announced.
2. Both the writs are issued against legal bodies.

5. The Writ of Quo-Warranto

The word Quo-Warranto literally means "by what warrants?" or "what is your authority"? It is a writ issued with a view to restrain a person from holding a public office to which he is not entitled. The writ requires the concerned person to explain to the Court by what authority he holds the office. If a person has usurped a public office, the Court may direct him not to carry out any activities in the office or may announce the office to be vacant. Thus High Court may issue a writ of quo-warranto if a person holds an office beyond his retirement age.

Writs in brief

Type of Writ	Meaning of the word	Purpose of issue
Habeas Corpus	You may have the body	To release a person who has been detained unlawfully whether in prison or in private custody.
Mandamus	We Command	To secure the performance of public duties by lower court, tribunal or public authority.
Certiorari	To be certified	To quash the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi judicial authority.
Prohibition	-	To prohibit an inferior court from continuing the proceedings in a particular case where it has no jurisdiction to try.
Quo Warranto	What is your authority?	To restrain a person from holding a public office which he is not entitled.

Employment Generation Programmes

To tackle the twin problems of growing unemployment and poverty in India, the government has come up with some employment generation and poverty alleviation programmes. A special group for creating 10 million employment opportunities per year over the 10th plan period was constituted by the Planning Commission. The group recommended that besides the employment generated presently, certain labour intensive sectors like agriculture, small industries and tourism need to be promoted. This way, an additional 20 million jobs can be created.

Some of the programmes are:

Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana
It was launched in April 1999 by merging programs like IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA etc into a single self employment scheme.

Food for Work Programme
It was launched in February 2001 to give food thrugh wage employment in the drought affected areas in eight states. Wages are paid by the state governments partly in cash and partly in foodgrains. These are provided free of cost by the centre to the drought affected states.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
This was launched in December 2000 to provide connectivity to all rural areas with a population of more than 1000 by the year 2003 and with a population of more than 500 by the year 2007 through good roads.

Samagra Awas Yojana
It was launched in 1999-2000 as a housing scheme to ensure provision of shelter, sanitation and safe drinking water.

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana
This programme was launched in 2000-2001 focussing on five important areas of village development, health, drinking water, primary education, housing and rural roads with the aim of improving the quality of life of people in rural areas.

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
It was launched in September 2001 to provide wage employment and food security in rural areas and also to create durable economic ans social assets.

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
It was launched in April 1999 by restructuring the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana and is implemented by Gram Panchayats for creating productive community assets.

VITAMINS

The Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of various oxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the body. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as the end products of metabolism.
Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins. Vitamins A  D   E  and  K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1  B2   B6  B12 ) and C are water-soluble.

Vitamin - A
Year	1913
	Retinol
Main Metabolic Function	Essential for normal growth and development. For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones. Prevents Night blindness.
Deficiency - Effects	Retarded growth. Reduced resistance to infection. Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelial membranes. Interferes with production of "night purple".
Available	Milk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Cod liver oil and Fresh fruits.
Nature	Fat-Soluble
Year	1936
	Thiamin
Main Metabolic Function	An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism. Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system. Beriberi. Loss of muscle.
Deficiency - Effects	Loss of appetite. Impaired digestion of starches and sugars. Various nervous disorder coordination.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B2
Year	1935
	Riboflavin
Main Metabolic Function	Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation. Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.
Deficiency - Effects	Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness. Causes cheillosis or glossittis. May result in Photophobia and cataracts.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B6
Year	1934
	Pyridoxine
Main Metabolic Function	Acts as do other B vitamins. To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat. Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan.
Deficiency - Effects	Increased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis. Anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B12
Year	1948
	Cyanocobalamin
Main Metabolic Function	Essential for development of red blood cells. Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles.
Deficiency - Effects	Results in pernicious anaemia. Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips.
Available	Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature	Water-Soluble
Vitamin - C
Year	1919
	Ascorbic Acid
Main Metabolic Function	Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine, cartilage and bone matrix). Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.
Deficiency - Effects	Lowered resistance to infections. Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums. Delayed wound healing. Specific treatment for Scurvy.
Available	Fresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce (Beetroot).
Nature	Water-Soluble
Year	1925
	Cholecalciferol
Main Metabolic Function	Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract. Affords antiachitic activity.
Deficiency - Effects	Interferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation. Development of bone disease, rickets and caries.
Available	Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil, Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays.
Nature	Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - E
Year	1936
	Tocopherols
Main Metabolic Function	Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation. Helps strengthen red blood cells.
Deficiency - Effects	Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture.
Available	Germinating Wheat.
Nature	Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - K
Year	1935
	Phytomenadione
Main Metabolic Function	Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.
Deficiency - Effects	diminished blood clotting time. Increased incidence of hemorrhages.
Available	Fish, Wheat and Oats.
Nature	Fat-Soluble

List of world countries and their capitals

No.	Country	Capital
1	Afghanistan	Kabul
2	Albania	Tirane
3	Algeria	Algiers
4	Andorra	Andorra la Vella
5	Angola	Luanda
6	Antigua and Barbuda	Saint John’s
7	Argentina	Buenos Aires
8	Armenia	Yerevan
9	Australia	Canberra
10	Austria	Vienna
11	Azerbaijan	Baku
12	The Bahamas	Nassau
13	Bahrain	Manama
14	Bangladesh	Dhaka
15	Barbados	Bridgetown
16	Belarus	Minsk
17	Belgium	Brussels
18	Belize	Belmopan
19	Benin	Porto-Novo
20	Bhutan	Thimphu
21	Bolivia	Sucre (constitutional); La Paz (administrative)
22	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo
23	Botswana	Gaborone
24	Brazil	Brasilia
25	Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan
26	Bulgaria	Sofia
27	Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou
28	Burundi	Bujumbura
29	Cambodia	Phnom Penh
30	Cameroon	Yaounde
31	Canada	Ottawa
32	Cape Verde	Praia
33	Central African Republic	Bangui
34	Chad	N’Djamena
35	Chile	Santiago
36	China	Beijing
37	Colombia	Bogota
38	Comoros	Moroni
39	Congo, Republic of the	Brazzaville
40	Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Kinshasa
41	Costa Rica	San Jose
42	Cote d’Ivoire	Yamoussoukro
43	Croatia	Zagreb
44	Cuba	Havana
45	Cyprus	Nicosia
46	Czech Republic	Prague
47	Denmark	Copenhagen
48	Djibouti	Djibouti
49	Dominica	Roseau
50	Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo
51	East Timor (Timor-Leste)	Dili
52	Ecuador	Quito
53	Egypt	Cairo
54	El Salvador	San Salvador
55	Equatorial Guinea	Malabo
56	Eritrea	Asmara
57	Estonia	Tallinn
58	Ethiopia	Addis Ababa
59	Fiji	Suva
60	Finland	Helsinki
61	France	Paris
62	Gabon	Libreville
63	The Gambia	Banjul
64	Georgia	Tbilisi
65	Germany	Berlin
66	Ghana	Accra
67	Greece	Athens
68	Grenada	Saint George’s
69	Guatemala	Guatemala City
70	Guinea	Conakry
71	Guinea-Bissau	Bissau
72	Guyana	Georgetown
73	Haiti	Port-au-Prince
74	Honduras	Tegucigalpa
75	Hungary	Budapest
76	Iceland	Reykjavik
77	India	New Delhi
78	Indonesia	Jakarta
79	Iran	Tehran
80	Iraq	Baghdad
81	Ireland	Dublin
82	Israel	Jerusalem*
83	Italy	Rome
84	Jamaica	Kingston
85	Japan	Tokyo
86	Jordan	Amman
87	Kazakhstan	Astana
88	Kenya	Nairobi
89	Kiribati	Tarawa Atoll
90	Korea, North	Pyongyang
91	Korea, South	Seoul
92	Kosovo	Pristina
93	Kuwait	Kuwait City
94	Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek
95	Laos	Vientiane
96	Latvia	Riga
97	Lebanon	Beirut
98	Lesotho	Maseru
99	Liberia	Monrovia
100	Libya	Tripoli
101	Liechtenstein	Vaduz
102	Lithuania	Vilnius
103	Luxembourg	Luxembourg
104	Macedonia	Skopje
105	Madagascar	Antananarivo
106	Malawi	Lilongwe
107	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur
108	Maldives	Male
109	Mali	Bamako
110	Malta	Valletta
111	Marshall Islands	Majuro
112	Mauritania	Nouakchott
113	Mauritius	Port Louis
114	Mexico	Mexico City
115	Micronesia	Palikir
116	Moldova	Chisinau
117	Monaco	Monaco
118	Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar
119	Montenegro	Podgorica
120	Morocco	Rabat
121	Mozambique	Maputo
122	Myanmar (Burma)	Naypyidaw
123	Namibia	Windhoek
124	Nauru	Yaren (de facto)
125	Nepal	Kathmandu
126	Netherlands (Holland)	Amsterdam
127	New Zealand	Wellington
128	Nicaragua	Managua
129	Niger	Niamey
130	Nigeria	Abuja
131	Norway	Oslo
132	Oman	Muscat
133	Pakistan	Islamabad
134	Palau	Melekeok
135	Panama	Panama City
136	Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby
137	Paraguay	Asuncion
138	Peru	Lima
139	Philippines	Manila
140	Poland	Warsaw
141	Portugal	Lisbon
142	Qatar	Doha
143	Romania	Bucharest
144	Russia	Moscow
145	Rwanda	Kigali
146	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre
147	Saint Lucia	Castries
148	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown
149	Samoa	Apia
150	San Marino	San Marino
151	Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome
152	Saudi Arabia	Riyadh
153	Senegal	Dakar
154	Serbia	Belgrade
155	Seychelles	Victoria
156	Sierra Leone	Freetown
157	Singapore	Singapore
158	Slovakia	Bratislava
159	Slovenia	Ljubljana
160	Solomon Islands	Honiara
161	Somalia	Mogadishu
162	South Africa	Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)
163	Spain	Madrid
164	Sri Lanka	Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (administrative); Colombo (trade)
165	Sudan	Khartoum
166	Suriname	Paramaribo
167	Swaziland	Mbabane(Administrative) / Lobamba (Royal and Legislative)
168	Sweden	Stockholm
169	Switzerland	Bern
170	Syria	Damascus
171	Taiwan	Taipei
172	Tajikistan	Dushanbe
173	Tanzania	Dodoma (administrative); Dar es Salaam
174	Thailand	Bangkok
175	Togo	Lome
176	Tonga	Nuku’alofa
177	Trinidad and Tobago	Port-of-Spain
178	Tunisia	Tunis
179	Turkey	Ankara
180	Turkmenistan	Ashgabat
181	Tuvalu	Funafuti province
182	Uganda	Kampala
183	Ukraine	Kyiv
184	United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi
185	United Kingdom	London
186	United States of America	Washington D.C.
187	Uruguay	Montevideo
188	Uzbekistan	Tashkent
189	Vanuatu	Port-Vila
190	Vatican City (Holy See)	Vatican City
191	Venezuela	Caracas
192	Vietnam	Hanoi
193	Yemen	Sanaa
194	Zambia	Lusaka
195	Zimbabwe	Harare

Trophies in Indian Sports

TROPHY	SPORTS
Agarwal Cup	Badminton
Agha Khan Cup	Hockey
All-India Women’s Guru Nanak Championship	Hockey
Bandodkar Trophy	Football
Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup	Basketball
Barna-Bellack Cup	Table Tennis
Beighton Cup	Hockey
Bombay Gold Cup	Hockey
Burdwan Trophy	Weight-lifting
Charminar Trophy	Athletics
Chadha Cup	Badminton
C. K. Naydu Trophy	Cricket
Chakoia Gold Trophy	Football
Divan Cup	Badminton
Deodhar Trophy	Cricket
Duleep Trophy	Cricket
D. C. M. Cup	Football
Durand Cup	Football
Dhyan Chand Trophy	Hockey
Dr. B. C. Roy Trophy (Junior)	Football
Ezra Cup	Polo
F. A. Cup	Football
G. D. Birla Trophy	Cricket
Ghulam Ahmed Trophy	Cricket
Gurmeet Trophy	Hockey
Gura Nanak Cup	Hockey
Gyanuati Devi Trophy	Hockey
Holkar Trophy	Bridge
lrani Trophy	Cricket
I. F. A. Shield	Football
lndira Gold Cup	Hockey
Jawaharlal Challenge	Air Racing
Jaswant Singh Trophy	Best Services Sportsman
Kuppuswamy Naidu Trophy	Hockey
Lady Rattan Tata Trophy	Hockey
MCC Trophy	Hockey
Moinuddaula Gold Cup	Cricket
Murugappa Gold Cup	Hockey
Modi Gold Cup	Hockey
Narang Cup	Badminton
Nehru Trophy	Hockey
Nixan Gold Cup	Football
Obaid Ullah Gold Cup	Hockey
Prithi Singh Cup	Polo
Rani Jhansi Trophy	Cricket
Ranjit Trophy	Cricket
Rangaswami Cup	Hockey
Ranjit Singh Gold Cup	Hockey
Rajendra Prasad Cup	Tennis
Ramanujan Trophy	Table Tennis
Rene Frank Trophy	Hockey
Radha Mohan Cup	Polo
Raghbir Singh Memorial	Football
Rohinton Baria Trophy	Cricket
Rovers Cup	Football
Sanjay Gold Cup	Football
Santosh Trophy	Football
Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee	Football
Subroto Cup	Football
Scindia Gold Cup	Hockey
Sahni Trophy	Hockey
Sheesh Mahal Trophy	Cricket
Todd Memorial Trophy	Football
Tommy Eman Gold Cup	Hockey
Vittal Trophy	Football
Vizzy Trophy	Cricket
Vijay Merchant Trophy	Cricket
Wellington Trophy	Rowing

Interesting Facts about India

• India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history.
• When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
• The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
• The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name 'Hindustan' combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.
• Chess was invented in India.
• Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies, which originated in India.
• The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal System' were developed in India in 100 B.C.
• The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonne piece of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.
• India is the largest democracy in the world, the 7^th largest Country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.
• The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat'. The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. In time, the game underwent several modifications, but its meaning remained the same, i.e. good deeds take people to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.
• The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built in 1893 after leveling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
• India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.
• The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.
• The world's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
• Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.
• India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
• The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word 'NAVGATIH'. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.
• Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. According to his calculation, the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun was 365.258756484 days.
• The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, long before the European mathematicians.
• Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also originated in India.Quadratic Equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C.during the Vedic period.Even today, the largest used number is Terra: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).
• Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world
  (Source: Gemological Institute of America).
• The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982.
• Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery and brain surgeries.
• Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient Indian medicine. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism,physiology, etiology, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts.
• India exports software to 90 countries.
• The four religions born in India - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world's population.
• Jainism and Buddhism were founded in India in 600 B.C. and 500 B.C. respectively.
• Islam is India's and the world's second largest religion.
• There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other country, including the Muslim world.
• The oldest European church and synagogue in India are in the city of Cochin. They were built in 1503 and 1568 respectively.
• Jews and Christians have lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D. respectively
• The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.
• The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world's largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday.
• Sikhism originated in the Holy city of Amritsar in Punjab. Famous for housing the Golden Temple, the city was founded in 1577.
• Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called "the Ancient City" when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.
• India provides safety for more than 300,000 refugees originally from Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who escaped to flee religious and political persecution.
• His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, runs his government in exile from Dharmashala in northern India.
• Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.
• Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

ICAR ASRB Assistants preliminary exam Paper

1. The climate of a place depends on several things, four of which are given below. Which of these is most important?
A. Distance from sea
B. Direction of wind
C. Latitude
D. Ocean streams

Ans:-C

2. If a person in the western hemisphere crosses the International Dateline on April 9, what will be the date when he reaches the eastern hemisphere?
A. April 9
B. April 10
C. April 8
D. April 11.

Ans:-C

3. Which of the following States borders the maximum number of States?
A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Bihar
C. Assam
D. Haryana

Ans:-C

4. Which of the following sports activities was organized in India in 1982?
A. Olympic Games
B. Common Wealth Games
C. Asian Games
D. None of these

Ans:-C

5. The acronym INSAT stands for:
A. India Satellite
B. Indian National Satellite
C. Indian National Salt Training
D. None of these

Ans:-B

6. CSIR is related with—
A. Agricultural research
B. Industrial research
C. Defence research organisation
D. Road research

Ans:-B

7. Lunar eclipse occurs when
A. The Sun comes in between the Moon and the Earth
B. the Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun
C. the Earth comes in between the Sun and the Moon
D. None of the above

Ans:-C

8. The headquarters of the International Court of Justice is located at
A. Zenewa
B. Hague
C. Paris
D. London

Ans:-B

9. The chemical formula of Baking Soda is
A. Na2CO3.10H20
B. NaHCO3
C. Na2CO3.H20
D. NH4CI

Ans:-B

10. Which one of the following is used to stop bleeding?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B
C. Vitamin B12
D. Vitamin K

Ans:-D

11. Rober’s Cup is associated with
A. Tennis
B. Football
C. Volleyball
D. Basket ball

Ans:-B

12. Match the following
A. Tehri Dam 1. Ganga
B. SardarSarovar 2. Vias and Satluj
C. Indira Gandhi Canal 3. Narmada
D. NagarjunaSagar 4. Krishna
5. Bhagirathi

(a) (b) (c) (d)
A. 5 3 2 4
B. 5 3 2 1
C. 5 3 4 2
D. 5 3 1 2

Ans:-A

13. Normal telephone line used for internet utility is called
(a) Voice Portal
(b) Voice Line
(c) Voice Net
(d) Voice Telephone

Ans:-B

14. The abbreviation SITE stands for:
(a) South Indian Trade Estate
(b). State Institute of Technology and Engineering
(c) Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
(d) System for international Technology and Engineering S

Ans:-C

15. The largest coral reef in the world is found near the coast of which of the following countries?
A. Australia
B. Cuba
C. Ghana
D. Philippines

Ans:-A

16. The association of sea anemone and hermit crab is called as
A. Mutualism
B. parasitism
C. symbiosis
D. commensalisms

Ans:-D

17. Shannon – Weaver index is used to indicate
A. Biodiversity
B. Air pollution level
C. Water pollution
D. Importance of species

Ans:-A

18. Which one of the following non-metals is not a poor conductor of electricity?
A. Sulphur
B. Selenium
C. Bromium
D. Phosphorus

Ans:-A

19. Consider the following statements:
1. In November, 2006 DRDO successfully conducted the Interception test using Prithvi II missile.B.
2. Prithvi II is a surface to- surface missile and -can be deployed to guard the metros against air attacks.
Which of the statements, given above is a correct
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Ans:-A

20. Who among the following is considered as the inventor of the World Wide Web (www)?
A. Edward Kasner
B. Bill Gates
C. Tim Burners Lee
D. Ajim Premji

Ans:-C

21. Sometimes secondary pollutants like ozone PAN (proxy acyl nitrate) HNO3 H2 SO4 formed from primary pollutants are more toxic than primary pollutants. This phenomenon of increased toxicity in pollutants is called
(a) Synergism
(b) Green house effect
(c) Eutrophication
(d) Biomagnifications

Ans:-A

22. When and where the Mumbai and KoIkata stations inaugurated by the India Broadcasting Company
(a) 1927
(b) 1925
(c) 1928
(d) 1926

Ans:-A

23. Acid rain is caused by sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and hydrochloric acid which are produced by industries, automobiles and Thermal power plants using Fossil Fuels.It causes.
(a) Death of fish due to clogging of their gills by exudation of large amount of mucus caused by solubility and availability of toxic metals like aluminium
(b) Defoliation chlorosis, necrosis of plant foliage
(c) Leaching of mineral salts in soil and decolourisation of red stone of Redfort
(d) All the above

Ans:-D

24. Maximum threat to the world is from
(a) Water Pollution
(b) Soil erosion
(c) Ozone hole
(d) Global warming

Ans:-C

25. The comparative study of communication and automatic control processes in mechanical or electronic systems, e.g machines or computers and biological systems, e.g the nervous system of animals, especially humans and birds is termed as
(a) Retrieval of information
(b) Analysis of mutually accepted terms
(c). Cybernetics
(d) Planned and compilled study

Ans:-C

26. In which .year was ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) established?
(a) 1980
(b) 1970
(c) 1975
(d) 1969

Ans:-D

27. If the green house effect becomes real and melts Polar ice, which one Of the following regions will first disappear under water.
(a) Islands of Kiribati
(b) Mauritius
(c) Maldives
(d) Hawaie Island

Ans:-A

28. Which pollutant gas is released by cud chewing cattle.
(a) CO
(b) CH4
(c) NO2
(d) CO2

Ans:-B

29. Where is the memorial for unknown soldiers?
A. Gate way of India
B. India Gate
C. Tirmurti
D. Jalianwala Bagh

Ans:-B

30. Who was not a contemporary of Tughlaq?
A. Amir Khusroe
B. Ziyauddin Barani
C. Ainul Mulk Multani
D. Bahlol Lodhi

Ans:-D

31. Which Governor General declared ‘Sari’ illegal and punishable by court?
A. ‘William Bentinck
B. Lord Dalhousie
C. Lord Reading
D. Lord Ripon

Ans:-A

32. Gandhiji has written his autobiography in which language?
A. Hindi
B. Marathi
C. English
D. Gujarati

Ans:-D

33. The quorum required in the Rajya Sabha is—
A. 25
B. 50
C. 100
D. 160

Ans:-A

34. Which one of the following is set up by the Constitution of India?
A. Planning Commission
B. National Development Council
C. Zonal Councils
D. Powers of president

Ans:-D

35. Toda is a—
A. Tribes
B. Logo
C. Name
D. Game

Ans:-A

36. Netherlands’ Currency is—
A. Peso.
B. Pesata
C. Rupiab
D. Guilder’

Ans:-D

37. Who founded the Indian National Congress?
A. W.C. Bannerjee
B. A.O. Hume
C. Sardar Patel
D. Subhash Chandra Bose

Ans:-B

38. Which temperature zone is known as the surplus zone?
A. Tropical
B. Temperate
C. Polar
D. All of these

Ans:-A

39. Subroto Cup is related to—
A. Badminton
B. Hockey
C. Football
D. Polo

Ans:-C

40. Large ‘deposits of uranium are found in—
A. Canada
B. USA.
C. Australia
D. India

Ans:-A

41. Tiger Wood is related to—.
A. Polo
B. Snooker
C. Golf
D. Tennis

Ans:-C

42. Indira Gold Cup is given in—
A. Football
B. Hockey
C. Cricket
D. Swimming
Ans:-B

43. When did. Indian Hockey Team win gold medal in Olympic last?
A. 1988
B. 1980
C. 1984
D. 1976

Ans:-B

44. Which is called the King of Fruits?
A. Apple
B. Banana
C. Mango
D. Pomegranate

Ans:-C

45. National Films Awards were instituted in the year—
A. 1950
B. 1954
C. 1961
D. 1969

Ans:-B

46. The. Indian Constitution makes India
A. Federal
B. Unitary
C. Rigid
D. Partly unitary Partly Fedral

Ans:-D

47. In which ocean is the Cromwell current found?
A. Pacific ocean
B. Atlantic ocean
C. Indian ocean
D. Arctic ocean

Ans:-A

48. Which one of the following rivers has its source outside the Indian Territory?
A Jhelum
B. Beas
C. Chenab
D. Sutlej

Ans:-D

49. Which one of the following substances is made from natural raw materials?
A. Rayon
B. Nylon
C. Polyester
D Polystyrene

Ans:-A

50. Chandrayan- 1 was launched from—
A. Bengaluru
B. Chennai
C. Sri Hari Kota
D. None of these

Ans:-C