Monday, August 15, 2011

COUNTRIES WITH LONGEST COASTLINES

Countrykm
1.
Monaco
4
2.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
20
3.
Tuvalu
24
4.
Jordan
26
5.
Nauru
30
6.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
37
7.
Slovenia
47
8.
Togo
56
9.
Iraq
58
10.
Belgium
67
11.
Gambia, The
80
12.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
84
13.
Lithuania
90
14.
Barbados
97
15.
Benin
121
16.
Grenada
121
17.
Saint Kitts and Nevis
135
18.
Dominica
148
19.
Antigua and Barbuda
153
20.
Saint Lucia
158
21.
Bahrain
161
22.
Brunei
161
23.
Congo, Republic of the
169
24.
Mauritius
177
25.
Singapore
193
26.
Syria
193
27.
Malta
197
28.
Sao Tome and Principe
209
29.
Lebanon
225
30.
Romania
225
31.
Israel
273
32.
Montenegro
294
33.
Equatorial Guinea
296
34.
El Salvador
307
35.
Georgia
310
36.
Djibouti
314
37.
Guinea
320
38.
Comoros
340
39.
Guinea-Bissau
350
40.
Bulgaria
354
41.
Albania
362
42.
Trinidad and Tobago
362
43.
Marshall Islands
370
44.
Belize
386
45.
Suriname
386
46.
Guatemala
400
47.
Cameroon
402
48.
Sierra Leone
402
49.
Samoa
403
50.
Tonga
419
51.
Poland
440
52.
Cambodia
443
53.
Netherlands
451
54.
Guyana
459
55.
Seychelles
491
56.
Latvia
498
57.
Kuwait
499
58.
Cote d'Ivoire
515
59.
Senegal
531
60.
Kenya
536
61.
Ghana
539
62.
Qatar
563
63.
Liberia
579
64.
Bangladesh
580
65.
Maldives
644
66.
Cyprus
648
67.
Uruguay
660
68.
Timor-Leste
706
69.
Mauritania
754
70.
Honduras
820
71.
Nigeria
853
72.
Sudan
853
73.
Gabon
885
74.
Nicaragua
910
75.
Cape Verde
965
76.
Algeria
998
77.
Jamaica
1,022
78.
Pakistan
1,046
79.
Fiji
1,129
80.
Kiribati
1,143
81.
Tunisia
1,148
82.
Finland
1,250
83.
Dominican Republic
1,288
84.
Costa Rica
1,290
85.
United Arab Emirates
1,318
86.
Sri Lanka
1,340
87.
Tanzania
1,424
88.
Ireland
1,448
89.
Palau
1,519
90.
Namibia
1,572
91.
Angola
1,600
92.
Libya
1,770
93.
Haiti
1,771
94.
Portugal
1,793
95.
Morocco
1,835
96.
Yemen
1,906
97.
Burma
1,930
98.
Oman
2,092
99.
Eritrea
2,234
100.
Ecuador
2,237
101.
Germany
2,389
102.
Korea, South
2,413
103.
Peru
2,414
104.
Iran
2,440
105.
Egypt
2,450
106.
Mozambique
2,470
107.
Panama
2,490
108.
Korea, North
2,495
109.
Vanuatu
2,528
110.
Saudi Arabia
2,640
111.
Ukraine
2,782
112.
South Africa
2,798
113.
Venezuela
2,800
114.
Somalia
3,025
115.
Colombia
3,208
116.
Sweden
3,218
117.
Thailand
3,219
118.
Vietnam
3,444
119.
Bahamas, The
3,542
120.
Cuba
3,735
121.
Estonia
3,794
122.
Malaysia
4,675
123.
Madagascar
4,828
124.
Spain
4,964
125.
Iceland
4,970
126.
Argentina
4,989
127.
Papua New Guinea
5,152
128.
Solomon Islands
5,313
129.
Croatia
5,835
130.
Micronesia, Federated States of
6,112
131.
Chile
6,435
132.
India
7,000
133.
Turkey
7,200
134.
Denmark
7,314
135.
Brazil
7,491
136.
Italy
7,600
137.
Mexico
9,330
138.
United Kingdom
12,429
139.
Greece
13,676
140.
China
14,500
141.
New Zealand
15,134
142.
United States
19,924
143.
Norway
25,148
144.
Australia
25,760
145.
Japan
29,751
146.
Philippines
36,289
147.
Russia
37,653
148.
Indonesia
54,716
149.
Canada
202,080

10 Longest Rivers In The World

10. Zaire River

Zaire River 10 Longest Rivers In The World
Zaire River is also called The Congo river and it is the deepest river in the world. Its depth is in excess of 230 meters. The length of the river is 2716 miles and it flows through the Congo rainforest, the second rainforest area in the world. Congo River discharges a behemoth amount of water at its mouth with average of 41,000 cubic meters per second.

9. Irtysh River

Irtysh river 10 Longest Rivers In The World
Its name means White River and it is located in Siberia, Russia. It is the main tributary of the Ob River and is the longest river-port in Western Siberia. The main cities which come on the Irtysh from its long journey from source to the mouth are Fuyun (China), Burqin (China), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and Tara (Russia). The length of the river is 2758 miles.

8. Parana River

Parana River 10 Longest Rivers In The World
This river is as big as a sea as its name suggests. Parana is an abbreviation of the phrase “para rehe onava” which has its origin in the Tupi language and means “like the sea”. The total estimated length of the river is 2795 miles. It merges with the Paraguay River and then with the Uruguay River to form Rio de la Plata and finally it empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

7. Yenisei River

Yenisei River 10 Longest Rivers In The World
It is also written as Yenisey and it is the central of the three great Siberian Rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean. The maximum depth of this river is 24 meters and the average depth is 14 meters. The Russian primary industry counts on this river as many hydroelectric dams have been built on its way. Its estimated length is 2800 miles.

6. Huang Ho

Huang Ho yellow river  10 Longest Rivers In The World
It is the second largest river in China and sixth largest in the world. Its estimated length is about 2900 miles. Huang Ho River is also called The Yellow River and it flows through nine provinces of China and flows into the Bohai Sea at the end. One interesting information for those who love knowing about the origin if different idioms and that is the idiom “when the Yellow river flows clear” has Chinese origin and it is used when referring to something that is never going to happen. For instance, when the Yellow river flows clear, only then we will stop reading articles in tiptopsten.com! – I guess now you will never forget the usage of this idiom.

5. Ob River

Ob River 10 Longest Rivers In The World
It also called Obi and is one of the major rivers in Western Siberia. It ranks among the Russia’s fourth longest river. The estimated length of Ob River is 3459 miles. Ob River has almost 50 different species of fish and is used primarily for irrigation, hydroelectric energy and drinking water.

4. Chang Jiang

Chang Jiang River 10 Longest Rivers In The World
It is also called The Yangtze, and it the Asia’s longest river. It is of prime significance to China as it drains China’s one-fifth land area and its river basin is home to one-third of Chinese people. It is a dividing line between North and South China and two regions depict different cultures. Chang Jian contributes to 20% of China’s overall GDP.

3. Mississippi-Missouri-Red Rock

Mississippi Missouri Red Rock 10 Longest Rivers In The World
The river system starts in Montana at the Red Rocks River, and then quickly turns into the Jefferson River which then joins with Madison and Gallatin River to form Missouri river. Upon reaching Missouri State, the river joins up with the Mississippi river. This river system serves the purpose of USA’s transportation, industry and recreation. The average length is 3710 miles.

2. Amazon

Amazon River 10 Longest Rivers In The World
This river of South America is the second largest river in the world and accounts for approximately one-fifth of the world’s total river. Because of its mammoth dimensions, it is sometimes called The River Sea. Its length is about 3912 miles. More than one-third of all the species in the world live in the Amazon River.

1. Nile

The River Nile 10 Longest Rivers In The World
Undoubtedly, it is the world’s longest river and has two major tributaries which are White Nile and Blue Nile. Blue Nile is the source of much of the water as well as brings a great deal of fertility to the river Nile. Nile empties into a large delta that consequently empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Its length is approximately is 4180 miles.

Friday, August 12, 2011

International Organisations and their Headquarters

Organisation Headquarters
UNO New York
UNICEF New York
UNESCO Paris
UNIDO Vienna
WHO Geneva
UNFPA New York
ILO Geneva
IMF Washington DC
WTO Geneva
International Court Of Justice The Hague
International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna
World Bank Washington D.C.
International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva
International Maritime Organisation London
Universal Postal Union Berne
Food and Agricultural Organisation Rome
World Meteorological Organisation Geneva
SAARC Kathmandu
Amnesty International London
Transparency International Berlin
World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva
International Renewable Energy Agency Abu Dhabi (UAE) (Interim HQs)
Commonwealth of Nations London
International Standards Organisation Geneva

Social Movements/Organisations and their founders

Movement/Organisation Founder
VanmahotsavKM Munshi
Saryodaya, BhoodanAcharya Vinobha Bhave
ChipkoSunderlal Bahaguna
Servants of India SocietyGK Gokhale
Servants of People SocietyLala Lajpat Rai
Servants of God or Khudai KhidmatgarKhan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Gyan Prasarak MandaliDadabhai Naoroji
Theosophical SocietyMadame H. P. Blavatsky
Missionaries of CharityMother Teresa
Home Rule MovementAnnie Besant and Bal Gangadhar
Narmada BachaoMedha Patkar
Prarthana SamajRG Bhandarkar & MG Ranade
Arya SamajDayanand Saraswati (Guj)
Brahmo SamajRaja Ram Mohan Roy
Self-respect MovementEV Ramaswamy Naicker
Tattvabodhini SabhaDebendranath Tagore
Sadbhavna ke SipahiSunil Datt
Satyasodhak SamajJyotiba Phule (Mah)
Shree Narayana Dharma Paripalana YogamShri Narayaana Guru
Bahiskrit Hitkarni SabhaDr BR Ambedkar
Dev Samaj (an atheistic movement) Swami Satyanand Agnihotri
Aligarh movementSir Syed Ahmed Khan
Rashtriya Swayam Sevak SanghDr Baliram Hedgewar
Abhinav BharatVir Savarkar
Sulabh InternationalDr Bindeshwar Pathak
Bhartiya Vidya BhavanKanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Red CrossJH Dunant
ScoutsBaden Powell
GuidesLady Agnes Baden Powell
Amnesty InternationalPeter Benenson
Transparency InternationalPeter Eigen
Back to the Vedas slogan was given by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He also started the Shuddhi movement and brought back to Hinduism many people who had embraced Islam or Christianity. (D.A.V – Dayanand Anglo Vernacular)

Writs - Provisions in Indian Constitution


The Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs as mentioned above for enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of Indian Constitution. (Article 32) Thus the power to issue writs is primarily a provision made to make available the Right to Constitutional Remedies to every citizen. The Right to Constitutional Remedies, as we know, is a guarantor of all other fundamental rights available to the people of India.
In addition to the above, the Constitution also provides for the Parliament to confer on the Supreme Court power to issue writs, for purposes other than those mentioned above.
Similary High Courts in India are also empowered to issue writs for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.

Types of Writs
There are five types of Writs - Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo warranto.

1. Habeas Corpus
"Habeas Corpus" is a Latin term which literally means "you may have the body." The writ is issued to produce a person who has been detained , whether in prison or in private custody, before a court and to release him if such detention is found illegal.

2. Mandamus
Mandamus is a Latin word, which means "We Command". Mandamus is an order from the Supreme Court or High Court to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform a public or statutory duty. This writ of command is issued by the Supreme Court of High court when any government, court, corporation or any public authority has to do a public duty but fails to do so.

3. Certiorari
Literally, Certiorari means to be certified. The writ of certiorari can be issued by the Supreme Court or any High Court for quashing the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi judicial authority. There are several conditions necessary for the issue of writ of certiorari
  1. There should be court, tribunal or an officer having legal authority to determine the question with a duty to act judicially.
  2. Such a court, tribunal or officer must have passed an order acting without jurisdiction or in excess of the judicial authority vested by law in such court, tribunal or officer.
  3. The order could also be against the principles of natural justice or the order could contain an error of judgment in appreciating the facts of the case.
4. Prohibition
The Writ of prohibition means to forbid or to stop and it is popularly known as 'Stay Order'. This writ is issued when a lower court or a body tries to transgress the limits or powers vested in it. The writ of prohibition is issued by any High Court or the Supreme Court to any inferior court, or quasi judicial body prohibiting the latter from continuing the proceedings in a particular case, where it has no jurisdiction to try. After the issue of this writ, proceedings in the lower court etc. come to a stop.

Difference between Prohibition and Certiorari:
  1. While the writ of prohibition is available during the pendency of proceedings, the writ of certiorari can be resorted to only after the order or decision has been announced.
  2. Both the writs are issued against legal bodies.
5. The Writ of Quo-Warranto
The word Quo-Warranto literally means "by what warrants?" or "what is your authority"? It is a writ issued with a view to restrain a person from holding a public office to which he is not entitled. The writ requires the concerned person to explain to the Court by what authority he holds the office. If a person has usurped a public office, the Court may direct him not to carry out any activities in the office or may announce the office to be vacant. Thus High Court may issue a writ of quo-warranto if a person holds an office beyond his retirement age.

Writs in brief
Type of WritMeaning of the wordPurpose of issue
Habeas CorpusYou may have the bodyTo release a person who has been detained unlawfully whether in prison or in private custody.
MandamusWe CommandTo secure the performance of public duties by lower court, tribunal or public authority.
CertiorariTo be certifiedTo quash the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi judicial authority.
Prohibition-To prohibit an inferior court from continuing the proceedings in a particular case where it has no jurisdiction to try.
Quo WarrantoWhat is your authority?To restrain a person from holding a public office which he is not entitled.

Tuesday, August 9, 2011

Employment Generation Programmes

To tackle the twin problems of growing unemployment and poverty in India, the government has come up with some employment generation and poverty alleviation programmes. A special group for creating 10 million employment opportunities per year over the 10th plan period was constituted by the Planning Commission. The group recommended that besides the employment generated presently, certain labour intensive sectors like agriculture, small industries and tourism need to be promoted. This way, an additional 20 million jobs can be created.


Some of the programmes are:

Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana
It was launched in April 1999 by merging programs like IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA etc into a single self employment scheme.

Food for Work Programme
It was launched in February 2001 to give food thrugh wage employment in the drought affected areas in eight states. Wages are paid by the state governments partly in cash and partly in foodgrains. These are provided free of cost by the centre to the drought affected states.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
This was launched in December 2000 to provide connectivity to all rural areas with a population of more than 1000 by the year 2003 and with a population of more than 500 by the year 2007 through good roads.

Samagra Awas Yojana
It was launched in 1999-2000 as a housing scheme to ensure provision of shelter, sanitation and safe drinking water.

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana
This programme was launched in 2000-2001 focussing on five important areas of village development, health, drinking water, primary education, housing and rural roads with the aim of improving the quality of life of people in rural areas.

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
It was launched in September 2001 to provide wage employment and food security in rural areas and also to create durable economic ans social assets.

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
It was launched in April 1999 by restructuring the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana and is implemented by Gram Panchayats for creating productive community assets.

VITAMINS

The Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of various oxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the body. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as the end products of metabolism.
Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins. Vitamins A  D   E  and  K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1  B2   B6  B12 ) and C are water-soluble.

Vitamin - A
Year 1913
  Retinol
Main Metabolic Function Essential for normal growth and development.
For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones.
Prevents Night blindness.
Deficiency - Effects Retarded growth.
Reduced resistance to infection.
Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelial membranes.
Interferes with production of "night purple".
Available Milk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Cod liver oil and Fresh fruits.
Nature Fat-Soluble
Year 1936
  Thiamin
Main Metabolic Function An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism.
Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system.
Beriberi.
Loss of muscle.
Deficiency - Effects Loss of appetite.
Impaired digestion of starches and sugars.
Various nervous disorder coordination.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B2
Year 1935
  Riboflavin
Main Metabolic Function Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation.
Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.
Deficiency - Effects Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness.
Causes cheillosis or glossittis.
May result in Photophobia and cataracts.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B6
Year 1934
  Pyridoxine
Main Metabolic Function Acts as do other B vitamins.
To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat.
Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan.
Deficiency - Effects Increased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis.
Anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B12
Year 1948
  Cyanocobalamin
Main Metabolic Function Essential for development of red blood cells.
Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles.
Deficiency - Effects Results in pernicious anaemia.
Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - C
Year 1919
  Ascorbic Acid
Main Metabolic Function Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine, cartilage and bone matrix).
Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.
Deficiency - Effects Lowered resistance to infections.
Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums.
Delayed wound healing.
Specific treatment for Scurvy.
Available Fresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce (Beetroot).
Nature Water-Soluble
Year 1925
  Cholecalciferol
Main Metabolic Function Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract.
Affords antiachitic activity.
Deficiency - Effects Interferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation.
Development of bone disease, rickets and caries.
Available Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil, Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays.
Nature Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - E
Year 1936
  Tocopherols
Main Metabolic Function Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation.
Helps strengthen red blood cells.
Deficiency - Effects Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture.
Available Germinating Wheat.
Nature Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - K
Year 1935
  Phytomenadione
Main Metabolic Function Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.
Deficiency - Effects diminished blood clotting time.
Increased incidence of hemorrhages.
Available Fish, Wheat and Oats.
Nature Fat-Soluble

List of world countries and their capitals

No.CountryCapital
1AfghanistanKabul
2AlbaniaTirane
3AlgeriaAlgiers
4AndorraAndorra la Vella
5AngolaLuanda
6Antigua and BarbudaSaint John’s
7ArgentinaBuenos Aires
8ArmeniaYerevan
9AustraliaCanberra
10AustriaVienna
11AzerbaijanBaku
12The BahamasNassau
13BahrainManama
14BangladeshDhaka
15BarbadosBridgetown
16BelarusMinsk
17BelgiumBrussels
18BelizeBelmopan
19BeninPorto-Novo
20BhutanThimphu
21BoliviaSucre (constitutional); La Paz (administrative)
22Bosnia and HerzegovinaSarajevo
23BotswanaGaborone
24BrazilBrasilia
25BruneiBandar Seri Begawan
26BulgariaSofia
27Burkina FasoOuagadougou
28BurundiBujumbura
29CambodiaPhnom Penh
30CameroonYaounde
31CanadaOttawa
32Cape VerdePraia
33Central African RepublicBangui
34ChadN’Djamena
35ChileSantiago
36ChinaBeijing
37ColombiaBogota
38ComorosMoroni
39Congo, Republic of theBrazzaville
40Congo, Democratic Republic of theKinshasa
41Costa RicaSan Jose
42Cote d’IvoireYamoussoukro
43CroatiaZagreb
44CubaHavana
45CyprusNicosia
46Czech RepublicPrague
47DenmarkCopenhagen
48DjiboutiDjibouti
49DominicaRoseau
50Dominican RepublicSanto Domingo
51East Timor (Timor-Leste)Dili
52EcuadorQuito
53EgyptCairo
54El SalvadorSan Salvador
55Equatorial GuineaMalabo
56EritreaAsmara
57EstoniaTallinn
58EthiopiaAddis Ababa
59FijiSuva
60FinlandHelsinki
61FranceParis
62GabonLibreville
63The GambiaBanjul
64GeorgiaTbilisi
65GermanyBerlin
66GhanaAccra
67GreeceAthens
68GrenadaSaint George’s
69GuatemalaGuatemala City
70GuineaConakry
71Guinea-BissauBissau
72GuyanaGeorgetown
73HaitiPort-au-Prince
74HondurasTegucigalpa
75HungaryBudapest
76IcelandReykjavik
77IndiaNew Delhi
78IndonesiaJakarta
79IranTehran
80IraqBaghdad
81IrelandDublin
82IsraelJerusalem*
83ItalyRome
84JamaicaKingston
85JapanTokyo
86JordanAmman
87KazakhstanAstana
88KenyaNairobi
89KiribatiTarawa Atoll
90Korea, NorthPyongyang
91Korea, SouthSeoul
92KosovoPristina
93KuwaitKuwait City
94KyrgyzstanBishkek
95LaosVientiane
96LatviaRiga
97LebanonBeirut
98LesothoMaseru
99LiberiaMonrovia
100LibyaTripoli
101LiechtensteinVaduz
102LithuaniaVilnius
103LuxembourgLuxembourg
104MacedoniaSkopje
105MadagascarAntananarivo
106MalawiLilongwe
107MalaysiaKuala Lumpur
108MaldivesMale
109MaliBamako
110MaltaValletta
111Marshall IslandsMajuro
112MauritaniaNouakchott
113MauritiusPort Louis
114MexicoMexico City
115MicronesiaPalikir
116MoldovaChisinau
117MonacoMonaco
118MongoliaUlaanbaatar
119MontenegroPodgorica
120MoroccoRabat
121MozambiqueMaputo
122Myanmar (Burma)Naypyidaw
123NamibiaWindhoek
124NauruYaren (de facto)
125NepalKathmandu
126Netherlands (Holland)Amsterdam
127New ZealandWellington
128NicaraguaManagua
129NigerNiamey
130NigeriaAbuja
131NorwayOslo
132OmanMuscat
133PakistanIslamabad
134PalauMelekeok
135PanamaPanama City
136Papua New GuineaPort Moresby
137ParaguayAsuncion
138PeruLima
139PhilippinesManila
140PolandWarsaw
141PortugalLisbon
142QatarDoha
143RomaniaBucharest
144RussiaMoscow
145RwandaKigali
146Saint Kitts and NevisBasseterre
147Saint LuciaCastries
148Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesKingstown
149SamoaApia
150San MarinoSan Marino
151Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tome
152Saudi ArabiaRiyadh
153SenegalDakar
154SerbiaBelgrade
155SeychellesVictoria
156Sierra LeoneFreetown
157SingaporeSingapore
158SlovakiaBratislava
159SloveniaLjubljana
160Solomon IslandsHoniara
161SomaliaMogadishu
162South AfricaPretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)
163SpainMadrid
164Sri LankaSri Jayewardenepura Kotte (administrative); Colombo (trade)
165SudanKhartoum
166SurinameParamaribo
167SwazilandMbabane(Administrative) / Lobamba (Royal and Legislative)
168SwedenStockholm
169SwitzerlandBern
170SyriaDamascus
171TaiwanTaipei
172TajikistanDushanbe
173TanzaniaDodoma (administrative); Dar es Salaam
174ThailandBangkok
175TogoLome
176TongaNuku’alofa
177Trinidad and TobagoPort-of-Spain
178TunisiaTunis
179TurkeyAnkara
180TurkmenistanAshgabat
181TuvaluFunafuti province
182UgandaKampala
183UkraineKyiv
184United Arab EmiratesAbu Dhabi
185United KingdomLondon
186United States of AmericaWashington D.C.
187UruguayMontevideo
188UzbekistanTashkent
189VanuatuPort-Vila
190Vatican City (Holy See)Vatican City
191VenezuelaCaracas
192VietnamHanoi
193YemenSanaa
194ZambiaLusaka
195ZimbabweHarare

Sunday, August 7, 2011

Trophies in Indian Sports

TROPHY
SPORTS
Agarwal Cup 
Badminton
Agha Khan Cup 
Hockey
All-India Women’s Guru Nanak Championship 
Hockey
Bandodkar Trophy 
Football
Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup
Basketball
Barna-Bellack Cup 
Table Tennis
Beighton Cup 
Hockey
Bombay Gold Cup 
Hockey
Burdwan Trophy 
Weight-lifting
Charminar Trophy 
Athletics
Chadha Cup 
Badminton
C. K. Naydu Trophy 
Cricket
Chakoia Gold Trophy 
Football
Divan Cup 
Badminton
Deodhar Trophy 
Cricket
Duleep Trophy 
Cricket
D. C. M. Cup 
Football
Durand Cup 
Football
Dhyan Chand Trophy 
Hockey
Dr. B. C. Roy Trophy (Junior)
Football
Ezra Cup 
Polo
F. A. Cup 
Football
G. D. Birla Trophy 
Cricket
Ghulam Ahmed Trophy 
Cricket
Gurmeet Trophy 
Hockey
Gura Nanak Cup 
Hockey
Gyanuati Devi Trophy 
Hockey
Holkar Trophy 
Bridge
lrani Trophy 
Cricket
I. F. A. Shield 
Football
lndira Gold Cup 
Hockey
Jawaharlal Challenge 
Air Racing
Jaswant Singh Trophy 
Best Services Sportsman 
Kuppuswamy Naidu Trophy
Hockey
Lady Rattan Tata Trophy 
Hockey
MCC Trophy 
Hockey
Moinuddaula Gold Cup 
Cricket
Murugappa Gold Cup 
Hockey
Modi Gold Cup 
Hockey
Narang Cup 
Badminton
Nehru Trophy 
Hockey
Nixan Gold Cup 
Football
Obaid Ullah Gold Cup 
Hockey
Prithi Singh Cup 
Polo
Rani Jhansi Trophy 
Cricket
Ranjit Trophy 
Cricket
Rangaswami Cup 
Hockey
Ranjit Singh Gold Cup 
Hockey
Rajendra Prasad Cup 
Tennis
Ramanujan Trophy 
Table Tennis
Rene Frank Trophy 
Hockey
Radha Mohan Cup 
Polo
Raghbir Singh Memorial 
Football
Rohinton Baria Trophy 
Cricket
Rovers Cup 
Football
Sanjay Gold Cup 
Football
Santosh Trophy 
Football
Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee 
Football
Subroto Cup 
Football
Scindia Gold Cup 
Hockey
Sahni Trophy 
Hockey
Sheesh Mahal Trophy 
Cricket
Todd Memorial Trophy 
Football
Tommy Eman Gold Cup 
Hockey
Vittal Trophy 
Football
Vizzy Trophy 
Cricket
Vijay Merchant Trophy 
Cricket
Wellington Trophy 
Rowing

Tuesday, August 2, 2011

Interesting Facts about India

  • India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history.
  • When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
  • The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
  • The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name 'Hindustan' combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.
  • Chess was invented in India.
  • Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies, which originated in India.
  • The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal System' were developed in India in 100 B.C.
  • The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonne piece of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.
  • India is the largest democracy in the world, the 7th largest Country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.
  • The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat'. The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. In time, the game underwent several modifications, but its meaning remained the same, i.e. good deeds take people to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.
  • The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built in 1893 after leveling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
  • India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.
  • The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.
  • The world's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
  • Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.
  • India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
  • The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word 'NAVGATIH'. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.
  • Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. According to his calculation, the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun was 365.258756484 days.
  • The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, long before the European mathematicians.
  • Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also originated in India.Quadratic Equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C.during the Vedic period.Even today, the largest used number is Terra: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).
  • Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world
    (Source: Gemological Institute of America).
  • The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982.
  • Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery and brain surgeries.
  • Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient Indian medicine. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism,physiology, etiology, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts.
  • India exports software to 90 countries.
  • The four religions born in India - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world's population.
  • Jainism and Buddhism were founded in India in 600 B.C. and 500 B.C. respectively.
  • Islam is India's and the world's second largest religion.
  • There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other country, including the Muslim world.
  • The oldest European church and synagogue in India are in the city of Cochin. They were built in 1503 and 1568 respectively.
  • Jews and Christians have lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D. respectively
  • The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.
  • The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world's largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday.
  • Sikhism originated in the Holy city of Amritsar in Punjab. Famous for housing the Golden Temple, the city was founded in 1577.
  • Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called "the Ancient City" when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.
  • India provides safety for more than 300,000 refugees originally from Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who escaped to flee religious and political persecution.
  • His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, runs his government in exile from Dharmashala in northern India.
  • Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.
  • Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

ICAR ASRB Assistants preliminary exam Paper

1. The climate of a place depends on several things, four of which are given below. Which of these is most important?
A. Distance from sea
B. Direction of wind
C. Latitude
D. Ocean streams
Ans:-C
2. If a person in the western hemisphere crosses the International Dateline on April 9, what will be the date when he reaches the eastern hemisphere?
A. April 9
B. April 10
C. April 8
D. April 11.
Ans:-C
3. Which of the following States borders the maximum number of States?
A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Bihar
C. Assam
D. Haryana
Ans:-C
4. Which of the following sports activities was organized in India in 1982?
A. Olympic Games
B. Common Wealth Games
C. Asian Games
D. None of these
Ans:-C
5. The acronym INSAT stands for:
A. India Satellite
B. Indian National Satellite
C. Indian National Salt Training
D. None of these
Ans:-B
6. CSIR is related with—
A. Agricultural research
B. Industrial research
C. Defence research organisation
D. Road research
Ans:-B
7. Lunar eclipse occurs when
A. The Sun comes in between the Moon and the Earth
B. the Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun
C. the Earth comes in between the Sun and the Moon
D. None of the above
Ans:-C
8. The headquarters of the International Court of Justice is located at
A. Zenewa
B. Hague
C. Paris
D. London
Ans:-B
9. The chemical formula of Baking Soda is
A. Na2CO3.10H20
B. NaHCO3
C. Na2CO3.H20
D. NH4CI
Ans:-B
10. Which one of the following is used to stop bleeding?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B
C. Vitamin B12
D. Vitamin K
Ans:-D
11. Rober’s Cup is associated with
A. Tennis
B. Football
C. Volleyball
D. Basket ball
Ans:-B
12. Match the following
A. Tehri Dam 1. Ganga
B. SardarSarovar 2. Vias and Satluj
C. Indira Gandhi Canal 3. Narmada
D. NagarjunaSagar 4. Krishna
5. Bhagirathi
(a) (b) (c) (d)
A. 5 3 2 4
B. 5 3 2 1
C. 5 3 4 2
D. 5 3 1 2
Ans:-A
13. Normal telephone line used for internet utility is called
(a) Voice Portal
(b) Voice Line
(c) Voice Net
(d) Voice Telephone
Ans:-B
14. The abbreviation SITE stands for:
(a) South Indian Trade Estate
(b). State Institute of Technology and Engineering
(c) Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
(d) System for international Technology and Engineering S
Ans:-C
15. The largest coral reef in the world is found near the coast of which of the following countries?
A. Australia
B. Cuba
C. Ghana
D. Philippines
Ans:-A
16. The association of sea anemone and hermit crab is called as
A. Mutualism
B. parasitism
C. symbiosis
D. commensalisms
Ans:-D
17. Shannon – Weaver index is used to indicate
A. Biodiversity
B. Air pollution level
C. Water pollution
D. Importance of species
Ans:-A
18. Which one of the following non-metals is not a poor conductor of electricity?
A. Sulphur
B. Selenium
C. Bromium
D. Phosphorus
Ans:-A
19. Consider the following statements:
1. In November, 2006 DRDO successfully conducted the Interception test using Prithvi II missile.B.
2. Prithvi II is a surface to- surface missile and -can be deployed to guard the metros against air attacks.
Which of the statements, given above is a correct
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Ans:-A
20. Who among the following is considered as the inventor of the World Wide Web (www)?
A. Edward Kasner
B. Bill Gates
C. Tim Burners Lee
D. Ajim Premji
Ans:-C
21. Sometimes secondary pollutants like ozone PAN (proxy acyl nitrate) HNO3 H2 SO4 formed from primary pollutants are more toxic than primary pollutants. This phenomenon of increased toxicity in pollutants is called
(a) Synergism
(b) Green house effect
(c) Eutrophication
(d) Biomagnifications
Ans:-A
22. When and where the Mumbai and KoIkata stations inaugurated by the India Broadcasting Company
(a) 1927
(b) 1925
(c) 1928
(d) 1926
Ans:-A
23. Acid rain is caused by sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and hydrochloric acid which are produced by industries, automobiles and Thermal power plants using Fossil Fuels.It causes.
(a) Death of fish due to clogging of their gills by exudation of large amount of mucus caused by solubility and availability of toxic metals like aluminium
(b) Defoliation chlorosis, necrosis of plant foliage
(c) Leaching of mineral salts in soil and decolourisation of red stone of Redfort
(d) All the above
Ans:-D
24. Maximum threat to the world is from
(a) Water Pollution
(b) Soil erosion
(c) Ozone hole
(d) Global warming
Ans:-C
25. The comparative study of communication and automatic control processes in mechanical or electronic systems, e.g machines or computers and biological systems, e.g the nervous system of animals, especially humans and birds is termed as
(a) Retrieval of information
(b) Analysis of mutually accepted terms
(c). Cybernetics
(d) Planned and compilled study
Ans:-C
26. In which .year was ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) established?
(a) 1980
(b) 1970
(c) 1975
(d) 1969
Ans:-D
27. If the green house effect becomes real and melts Polar ice, which one Of the following regions will first disappear under water.
(a) Islands of Kiribati
(b) Mauritius
(c) Maldives
(d) Hawaie Island
Ans:-A
28. Which pollutant gas is released by cud chewing cattle.
(a) CO
(b) CH4
(c) NO2
(d) CO2
Ans:-B
29. Where is the memorial for unknown soldiers?
A. Gate way of India
B. India Gate
C. Tirmurti
D. Jalianwala Bagh
Ans:-B
30. Who was not a contemporary of Tughlaq?
A. Amir Khusroe
B. Ziyauddin Barani
C. Ainul Mulk Multani
D. Bahlol Lodhi
Ans:-D
31. Which Governor General declared ‘Sari’ illegal and punishable by court?
A. ‘William Bentinck
B. Lord Dalhousie
C. Lord Reading
D. Lord Ripon
Ans:-A
32. Gandhiji has written his autobiography in which language?
A. Hindi
B. Marathi
C. English
D. Gujarati
Ans:-D
33. The quorum required in the Rajya Sabha is—
A. 25
B. 50
C. 100
D. 160
Ans:-A
34. Which one of the following is set up by the Constitution of India?
A. Planning Commission
B. National Development Council
C. Zonal Councils
D. Powers of president
Ans:-D
35. Toda is a—
A. Tribes
B. Logo
C. Name
D. Game
Ans:-A
36. Netherlands’ Currency is—
A. Peso.
B. Pesata
C. Rupiab
D. Guilder’
Ans:-D
37. Who founded the Indian National Congress?
A. W.C. Bannerjee
B. A.O. Hume
C. Sardar Patel
D. Subhash Chandra Bose
Ans:-B
38. Which temperature zone is known as the surplus zone?
A. Tropical
B. Temperate
C. Polar
D. All of these
Ans:-A
39. Subroto Cup is related to—
A. Badminton
B. Hockey
C. Football
D. Polo
Ans:-C
40. Large ‘deposits of uranium are found in—
A. Canada
B. USA.
C. Australia
D. India
Ans:-A
41. Tiger Wood is related to—.
A. Polo
B. Snooker
C. Golf
D. Tennis
Ans:-C
42. Indira Gold Cup is given in—
A. Football
B. Hockey
C. Cricket
D. Swimming
Ans:-B
43. When did. Indian Hockey Team win gold medal in Olympic last?
A. 1988
B. 1980
C. 1984
D. 1976
Ans:-B
44. Which is called the King of Fruits?
A. Apple
B. Banana
C. Mango
D. Pomegranate
Ans:-C
45. National Films Awards were instituted in the year—
A. 1950
B. 1954
C. 1961
D. 1969
Ans:-B
46. The. Indian Constitution makes India
A. Federal
B. Unitary
C. Rigid
D. Partly unitary Partly Fedral
Ans:-D
47. In which ocean is the Cromwell current found?
A. Pacific ocean
B. Atlantic ocean
C. Indian ocean
D. Arctic ocean
Ans:-A
48. Which one of the following rivers has its source outside the Indian Territory?
A Jhelum
B. Beas
C. Chenab
D. Sutlej
Ans:-D
49. Which one of the following substances is made from natural raw materials?
A. Rayon
B. Nylon
C. Polyester
D Polystyrene
Ans:-A
50. Chandrayan- 1 was launched from—
A. Bengaluru
B. Chennai
C. Sri Hari Kota
D. None of these
Ans:-C