Monday, October 10, 2011

All Nobel Prizes

2011

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, Adam G. Riess
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dan Shechtman
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, Ralph M. Steinman
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Tomas Tranströmer
The Nobel Peace Prize
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, Tawakkul Karman
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Thomas J. Sargent, Christopher A. Sims

2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert G. Edwards
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Mario Vargas Llosa
The Nobel Peace Prize
Liu Xiaobo
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen, Christopher A. Pissarides

2009

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Herta Müller
The Nobel Peace Prize
Barack H. Obama
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson

2008

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
The Nobel Peace Prize
Martti Ahtisaari
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Paul Krugman

2007

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Gerhard Ertl
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Doris Lessing
The Nobel Peace Prize
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson

2006

The Nobel Prize in Physics
John C. Mather, George F. Smoot
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Roger D. Kornberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Orhan Pamuk
The Nobel Peace Prize
Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Edmund S. Phelps

2005

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Harold Pinter
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Mohamed ElBaradei
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling

2004

The Nobel Prize in Physics
David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Elfriede Jelinek
The Nobel Peace Prize
Wangari Muta Maathai
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott

2003

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield
The Nobel Prize in Literature
John M. Coetzee
The Nobel Peace Prize
Shirin Ebadi
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger

2002

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Imre Kertész
The Nobel Peace Prize
Jimmy Carter
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith

2001

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations (U.N.) , Kofi Annan
The Prize in Economic Sciences
George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz

2000

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gao Xingjian
The Nobel Peace Prize
Kim Dae-jung
The Prize in Economic Sciences
James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden

1999

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ahmed H. Zewail
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Günter Blobel
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Günter Grass
The Nobel Peace Prize
Médecins Sans Frontières
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert A. Mundell

1998

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walter Kohn, John A. Pople
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
The Nobel Prize in Literature
José Saramago
The Nobel Peace Prize
John Hume, David Trimble
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Amartya Sen

1997

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Stanley B. Prusiner
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Dario Fo
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) , Jody Williams
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes

1996

The Nobel Prize in Physics
David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Wislawa Szymborska
The Nobel Peace Prize
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta
The Prize in Economic Sciences
James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey

1995

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Seamus Heaney
The Nobel Peace Prize
Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert E. Lucas Jr.

1994

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
George A. Olah
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Kenzaburo Oe
The Nobel Peace Prize
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
The Prize in Economic Sciences
John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten

1993

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Toni Morrison
The Nobel Peace Prize
Nelson Mandela, Frederik Willem de Klerk
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North

1992

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Georges Charpak
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Rudolph A. Marcus
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Derek Walcott
The Nobel Peace Prize
Rigoberta Menchú Tum
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Gary S. Becker

1991

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard R. Ernst
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Nadine Gordimer
The Nobel Peace Prize
Aung San Suu Kyi
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Ronald H. Coase

1990

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Elias James Corey
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Octavio Paz
The Nobel Peace Prize
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe

1989

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Camilo José Cela
The Nobel Peace Prize
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Trygve Haavelmo

1988

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Naguib Mahfouz
The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Maurice Allais

1987

The Nobel Prize in Physics
J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Susumu Tonegawa
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Joseph Brodsky
The Nobel Peace Prize
Oscar Arias Sánchez
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert M. Solow

1986

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Wole Soyinka
The Nobel Peace Prize
Elie Wiesel
The Prize in Economic Sciences
James M. Buchanan Jr.

1985

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Klaus von Klitzing
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Claude Simon
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Franco Modigliani

1984

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert Bruce Merrifield
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jaroslav Seifert
The Nobel Peace Prize
Desmond Mpilo Tutu
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Richard Stone

1983

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Henry Taube
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Barbara McClintock
The Nobel Prize in Literature
William Golding
The Nobel Peace Prize
Lech Walesa
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Gerard Debreu

1982

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Kenneth G. Wilson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Aaron Klug
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gabriel García Márquez
The Nobel Peace Prize
Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles
The Prize in Economic Sciences
George J. Stigler

1981

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Elias Canetti
The Nobel Peace Prize
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
The Prize in Economic Sciences
James Tobin

1980

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Czeslaw Milosz
The Nobel Peace Prize
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Lawrence R. Klein

1979

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Odysseus Elytis
The Nobel Peace Prize
Mother Teresa
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis

1978

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Peter D. Mitchell
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Isaac Bashevis Singer
The Nobel Peace Prize
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Herbert A. Simon

1977

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ilya Prigogine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Vicente Aleixandre
The Nobel Peace Prize
Amnesty International
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade

1976

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William N. Lipscomb
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Saul Bellow
The Nobel Peace Prize
Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Milton Friedman

1975

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eugenio Montale
The Nobel Peace Prize
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans

1974

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul J. Flory
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson
The Nobel Peace Prize
Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek

1973

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Patrick White
The Nobel Peace Prize
Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Wassily Leontief

1972

The Nobel Prize in Physics
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Heinrich Böll
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.
The Prize in Economic Sciences
John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow

1971

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Dennis Gabor
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Gerhard Herzberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Pablo Neruda
The Nobel Peace Prize
Willy Brandt
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Simon Kuznets

1970

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Luis F. Leloir
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn
The Nobel Peace Prize
Norman E. Borlaug
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Paul A. Samuelson

1969

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Murray Gell-Mann
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Derek H. R. Barton, Odd Hassel
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Samuel Beckett
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen

1968

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Luis Walter Alvarez
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Lars Onsager
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Yasunari Kawabata
The Nobel Peace Prize
René Cassin

1967

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hans Albrecht Bethe
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Miguel Angel Asturias
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1966

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Alfred Kastler
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert S. Mulliken
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Nelly Sachs
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1965

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert Burns Woodward
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

1964

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jean-Paul Sartre
The Nobel Peace Prize
Martin Luther King Jr.

1963

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Giorgos Seferis
The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) , Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)

1962

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Lev Davidovich Landau
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Max Ferdinand Perutz, John Cowdery Kendrew
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
The Nobel Prize in Literature
John Steinbeck
The Nobel Peace Prize
Linus Carl Pauling

1961

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Melvin Calvin
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Georg von Békésy
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ivo Andric
The Nobel Peace Prize
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld

1960

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Donald Arthur Glaser
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Willard Frank Libby
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Saint-John Perse
The Nobel Peace Prize
Albert John Lutuli

1959

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Jaroslav Heyrovsky
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Salvatore Quasimodo
The Nobel Peace Prize
Philip J. Noel-Baker

1958

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Frederick Sanger
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
The Nobel Peace Prize
Georges Pire

1957

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Lord (Alexander R.) Todd
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Daniel Bovet
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Albert Camus
The Nobel Peace Prize
Lester Bowles Pearson

1956

The Nobel Prize in Physics
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Juan Ramón Jiménez
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1955

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Vincent du Vigneaud
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Halldór Kiljan Laxness
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1954

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max Born, Walther Bothe
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Linus Carl Pauling
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ernest Miller Hemingway
The Nobel Peace Prize
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

1953

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Frits (Frederik) Zernike
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hermann Staudinger
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
The Nobel Peace Prize
George Catlett Marshall

1952

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Selman Abraham Waksman
The Nobel Prize in Literature
François Mauriac
The Nobel Peace Prize
Albert Schweitzer

1951

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Edwin Mattison McMillan, Glenn Theodore Seaborg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Max Theiler
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Pär Fabian Lagerkvist
The Nobel Peace Prize
Léon Jouhaux

1950

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Cecil Frank Powell
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Paul Hermann Diels, Kurt Alder
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell
The Nobel Peace Prize
Ralph Bunche

1949

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hideki Yukawa
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William Francis Giauque
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
The Nobel Prize in Literature
William Faulkner
The Nobel Peace Prize
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin

1948

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Paul Hermann Müller
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Thomas Stearns Eliot
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1947

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Edward Victor Appleton
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir Robert Robinson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, Bernardo Alberto Houssay
The Nobel Prize in Literature
André Paul Guillaume Gide
The Nobel Peace Prize
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) , American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)

1946

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Percy Williams Bridgman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Hermann Joseph Muller
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Hermann Hesse
The Nobel Peace Prize
Emily Greene Balch, John Raleigh Mott

1945

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Wolfgang Pauli
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gabriela Mistral
The Nobel Peace Prize
Cordell Hull

1944

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Isidor Isaac Rabi
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Hahn
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)

1943

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Otto Stern
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
George de Hevesy
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1942

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1941

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1940

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1939

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Gerhard Domagk
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1938

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Enrico Fermi
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Kuhn
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Corneille Jean François Heymans
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Pearl Buck
The Nobel Peace Prize
Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)

1937

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walter Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Roger Martin du Gard
The Nobel Peace Prize
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)

1936

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill
The Nobel Peace Prize
Carlos Saavedra Lamas

1935

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Chadwick
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Hans Spemann
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
Carl von Ossietzky

1934

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Harold Clayton Urey
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Luigi Pirandello
The Nobel Peace Prize
Arthur Henderson

1933

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Thomas Hunt Morgan
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
The Nobel Peace Prize
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)

1932

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Werner Karl Heisenberg
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Irving Langmuir
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
The Nobel Prize in Literature
John Galsworthy
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1931

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Otto Heinrich Warburg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
The Nobel Peace Prize
Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler

1930

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hans Fischer
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Karl Landsteiner
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sinclair Lewis
The Nobel Peace Prize
Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom

1929

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Thomas Mann
The Nobel Peace Prize
Frank Billings Kellogg

1928

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Owen Willans Richardson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sigrid Undset
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1927

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Heinrich Otto Wieland
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Henri Bergson
The Nobel Peace Prize
Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde

1926

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Jean Baptiste Perrin
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The (Theodor) Svedberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Grazia Deledda
The Nobel Peace Prize
Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann

1925

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
George Bernard Shaw
The Nobel Peace Prize
Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles Gates Dawes

1924

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Willem Einthoven
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1923

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert Andrews Millikan
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Fritz Pregl
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod
The Nobel Prize in Literature
William Butler Yeats
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1922

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Niels Henrik David Bohr
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Francis William Aston
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jacinto Benavente
The Nobel Peace Prize
Fridtjof Nansen

1921

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Einstein
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Frederick Soddy
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Anatole France
The Nobel Peace Prize
Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange

1920

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Edouard Guillaume
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walther Hermann Nernst
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Schack August Steenberg Krogh
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Knut Pedersen Hamsun
The Nobel Peace Prize
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois

1919

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Johannes Stark
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Jules Bordet
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler
The Nobel Peace Prize
Thomas Woodrow Wilson

1918

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Fritz Haber
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Glover Barkla
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)

1916

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Martin Willstätter
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Romain Rolland
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1914

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max von Laue
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Theodore William Richards
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert Bárány
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1913

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alfred Werner
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Robert Richet
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rabindranath Tagore
The Nobel Peace Prize
Henri La Fontaine

1912

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Nils Gustaf Dalén
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Alexis Carrel
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann
The Nobel Peace Prize
Elihu Root

1911

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Wilhelm Wien
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Allvar Gullstrand
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck
The Nobel Peace Prize
Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Alfred Hermann Fried

1910

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Wallach
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albrecht Kossel
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse
The Nobel Peace Prize
Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)

1909

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Wilhelm Ostwald
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Emil Theodor Kocher
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf
The Nobel Peace Prize
Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque

1908

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Gabriel Lippmann
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ernest Rutherford
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
The Nobel Peace Prize
Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer

1907

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Abraham Michelson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Eduard Buchner
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rudyard Kipling
The Nobel Peace Prize
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault

1906

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Joseph John Thomson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Henri Moissan
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Giosuè Carducci
The Nobel Peace Prize
Theodore Roosevelt

1905

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert Koch
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Henryk Sienkiewicz
The Nobel Peace Prize
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau

1904

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir William Ramsay
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre
The Nobel Peace Prize
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)

1903

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Svante August Arrhenius
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Niels Ryberg Finsen
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson
The Nobel Peace Prize
William Randal Cremer

1902

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hermann Emil Fischer
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ronald Ross
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
The Nobel Peace Prize
Élie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat

1901

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Emil Adolf von Behring
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sully Prudhomme
The Nobel Peace Prize
Jean Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy
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Nobel Prizes for Economic Sciences

2011
Thomas J. Sargent, Christopher A. Sims
2010
Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen, Christopher A. Pissarides
2009
Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson
2008
Paul Krugman
2007
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson
2006
Edmund S. Phelps
2005
Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling
2004
Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott
2003
Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger
2002
Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith
2001
George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz
2000
James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden
1999
Robert A. Mundell
1998
Amartya Sen
1997
Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes
1996
James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey
1995
Robert E. Lucas Jr.
1994
John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten
1993
Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North
1992
Gary S. Becker
1991
Ronald H. Coase
1990
Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe
1989
Trygve Haavelmo
1988
Maurice Allais
1987
Robert M. Solow
1986
James M. Buchanan Jr.
1985
Franco Modigliani
1984
Richard Stone
1983
Gerard Debreu
1982
George J. Stigler
1981
James Tobin
1980
Lawrence R. Klein
1979
Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis
1978
Herbert A. Simon
1977
Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade
1976
Milton Friedman
1975
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans
1974
Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek
1973
Wassily Leontief
1972
John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow
1971
Simon Kuznets
1970
Paul A. Samuelson
1969
Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen
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Sunday, October 9, 2011

SPIRITUAL GURUS

Adi Shankara : Adi Shankaracharya was born in the early 9th century AD at Kaladi in Kerala. Amritapuri Originally known as Sudhamani, Ma Amritapuri or Mata Amritanandamayi, was born in the Kollam district of Kerala on September 27th, 1953
Guru Raghavendra Sri Guru Raghavendra Thirtha was born in 1595 AD in southern India to humble parents, who gave him the name of Venkatanatha as an acknowledgement of their devotion to Lord Venkateswara.
Sri Sathya Sai Baba : Sai Baba was born at Puttaparthi, a remote village in southern India, on November 23, 1926. As a child he performed many miracles and at the age of 13 underwent a miraculous transformation, after he was bitten by a scorpion.
Jayatiirtha : Swami Jayathirtha was a famous exponent of the Tattvavada (logical exposition) of the Dwaita philosophy. He lived near Pandharpur in the present-day Maharashtra in the 14 th Century AD and wrote a commentary on the Isa Upanishad to explain the approach of the Dwaita (duality) School towards the Nature of Reality and counter the theory proposed by Sri Adi Shankaracharya, the propagator of the Adwaita (non duality) philosophy.
Sri Ananda Thirtha: He was the founder of the Tattvavada School which was later made popular by the efforts of such eminent men as Swami Jayathirtha . He is considered by many as an incarnation of Sri Madhavacharya himself, the founder of the Dwaita School.
Krsna Balaram Swamiji: Mahant Sri Krsna Balaram Swamiji was born in Vrindavan, in a family of eminent scholars, who were well versed in the Yajurveda.
Neem Karoli Baba Originally named as Lakshmi Narayan, and known by many other names, Neem Karoli Baba was born at Akbarpur in presentday UP, probably around 1900 AD.
Paramahansa Yogananda: Paramahansa Yogananda was born on January 5, 1893, in Gorakhpur, India. His original name was Mukunda Lal Ghosh. He hailed from a well-to-do Bengali family.
Ramana Maharshi: Known popularly as Arunachala Swami and referred as Bhagawan by his ardent devotees, Ramana Maharshi can be rightfully regarded as the spiritual southern twin of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa, but with a message of his own that is rooted in the age old Hindu traditions of jnana marg (the path of knowledge) in contrast to the bhaktimarg (devotional approach) of the latter. He was born on December 30, 1879 at Tiruchuli, a small village, about thirty miles from Madurai, in Tamilnadu.
Sant Morari Bapu: Sant Morari Bapu was born in 1946, in Gujarath in a large family of six brothers and two sisters. He was a child prodigy who started learning the great epic Ramayana at the early age of five from his grandfather.
Shri Avichaldasji : He is the head of the Sat Kaival Sampradaya and is the seventh Acharya in the line.
Swami Prabhupada Born in a family of Vaishanvites, Abhaya Charan De, who was to later become Swami Prabhupada for millions of followers, developed deep devotion to RadhaKrishna at a very young age. At the age of 28 he became a disciple of Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Goswami Maharaj, who belonged to the tradition of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, which traces its origin directly to Lord Krishna himself.
Swami Rama Tirtha Gossain Tirtha Rama was born in 1873 in a small village in the district of Gujranwala, Punjab, India. From an early child hood he was inclined to listening recitations from the holy scriptures.
Saint Arunagirinathar: Saint Arunagiri, an ardent devotee of Murugan, lived in the 15th century and composed many important religious texts which reflect his philosophy of love and compassion.
Vadiraja Tirtha : Sri Vadiraja Tirtha belonged to the Vaishnava Sampradaya of the Madhva Sect. In importance, he is considered to be next only to Swami Ananda Thirtha by the followers of the Madhva sect. He said to have lived for 112 years, between 1480 and 1600, in the present day Karnataka.
Variyar Swamigal: His original name was Thiru Muruga Kirupanandha Variyar but he became popular as Variyar Swamigal. Born in 1906 he lived up to 1993.
Vasudev Anand Saraswati Born in 1854 AD, Sri Vasudeva Shastri, who was later to be known to his followers as Sri Vasudevanand Saraswathi, led an ordinary householder's life before he turned completely to spiritual life. As a householder, he led a rather difficult life, owing to the disputes between his wife and mother.
Swami Krishnananda Born in South Kanara District in an orthodox Shivaralli Brahmin Family, and known originally as Subbaraya, Swami Krishnananda developed deep interest in the study of Sanskrit and the Vedic scriptures and showed his religious bent of mind at an early age.
The Alvars : Alvars were great devotees of Lord Vishnu. According to tradition, there were 12 Alvars, namely Poykai, Bhutam, Pey, Tirumazhisai, Nammalvar, Periyalvar, Andal, Kulasekharan, Madhurakavi, Tondar-adi-podi, Tiruppaan and Tirumangai,.
Sri Ramanujacharya: Sri Ramanujacharya who lived between 1017 and 1137 was one of the foremost exponents of the Vishishtadwaita (qualified dualism) philosophy, which was based on the premise that God and soul were separate entities as opposed to Shankara's philosophy of Advaita (Non duality).
Madhavacharya Born in a small village near Udipi in present day Karnakatak about 760 years ago, Sri Madhavacharya propagated Dwait philosophy, which is also known as Tattvavada. Intelligent beyond his age and deeply religious from an early childhood, young Madhva was initiated into Sanayasa at the young age of 11 by a saint at Udipi.
Nimbarkaracharya Nimbarkara was an exponent of Dwaita Adwaita or Bhedabhed philosophy, according to which the soul, the world and God are not only different from each other (since the first two have qualities and capacities compared to God who has none) but also are one and the same (since the first two cannot exist without the latter and in a way are dependent upon Him).
J. Krishnamurthy: J.Krishnamurthy was born at Madnapalle in Andhra Pradesh on 11 May 1895. At the age of 14, when he was in Madras, he happened to come into contact with Annie Besant, who recognized his spiritual evolution and adopted him.
Ramakrishna Paramhansa Born as Gadhadhar Chatterjee in 1836 in the present day West Bengal, Ramakrishna was attracted to spiritual life as a very young boy. His spiritual life took a turn when he was appointed as a temple priest of the Dakshneswar temple.
Swami Sivananda: Swami Sivananda was born in a Saivite family in 1877 at Pattamadai in Tamilnadu. His original name was Kuppuswami. He studied medicine and worked in Malaysia for sometime as a doctor before he turned to spiritual life. He met his spiritual guru in the holy town of Rishikesh, who initiated him into spiritual life and gave him the name of Swami Siviananda Saraswathi.
Acharya Rajneesh: Popularly known as Osho to his followers, Acharya Rajneesh, was one of the most controversial, but very interesting Gurus of modern India. Born on December 11, 1933 at Kuchwada in Madhya Pradesh in a Jain business family, he received enlightenment at the age of 21 in 1953.
Swami Vivekananda: His original name was Narendra. He was born on January 12, 1863 in Calcutta. As a child he was very courageous, inquisitive and also mischievous. He was also compassionate to the poor and the needy. When he was in college, young Narendra was driven by a great curiosity to search for God.
Sri Aurobindo: Sri Aurobindo was born in Calcutta on August 15,1872. His father, K.D.G was an atheist who wanted to bring up his son on the ideals of western culture. So he sent young Aurobindo to England at the age of seven.
Siva Yogaswami Sri Yogaswami was born in Sri Lanka in May 1872. Originally known as Sadasivan, he led a normal life till 1905, when he met his Guru with whom he stayed till the latter passed away in 1911.
Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami For more than five decades, Satguru Sivya Subramanyaswami, popularly known as Gurudeva, worked relentlessly promoting the cause of Hinduism and spreading Siva consciousness in all the five continents.
Sri Sri Ravishankar was born on May 13, 1956 in Papanasam, Tamil Nadu, India. Stories say that at the age of 4, Ravi could recite the whole Bhagavad Gita, and showed a gift for study of the ancient Hindu scriptures, the Vedas.
VARDHAMAANA MAHAAVEERA:
Vardhamana Mahaveera was the twenty fourth Thirthankara among the Jains, who attained Keval Jnana (enlightenment). Though he was brought up as a prince, married and had a daughter, his real interest lay in the quest of salvation.
GAUTAMA BUDDHA:
Buddha also renounced his kingdom, his wife and son and took to the life of an ascetic in search of an answer to the problem of suffering in the world. After austere penance for several years he attained enlightenment. From that time he came to be known as Buddha.
3.Women Saints of India
The Mother of Pondicherry.
Mirabai.
Lal Ded. Sri Sharada Devi.
Hazrat Babajan.
Devi Vanamali

The Mystic Poets of Maharashtra
There was a resplendent galaxy of poet saints in Maharashtra from the 13th to the 17th Century, from Jnandev (1275-'96) down to Turkaram (1608-'90). Altogether this was a time of great national vitality, covering the Maratha struggle for independence of the Moghul Empire and its final achievement under Shivaji. On the whole, however, the poet-saints showed no concern with such matters.
They were a strong, rugged, outspoken dynasty drawn from all social classes. Jnandev was a Brahmin, but there were also Namdev, a tailor; Gora, a potter; Savanta, a gardener; Chokha, a sweeper; and Tukaram, a tradesman. There were women too among them: Jnandev's sister Muktabai, Namdev's servant Jani, Chokha's wife Soyara. Their outstanding quality is a beautiful fusing of bhakti (devotion) with Jnana (knowledge). They worshipped and merged into Oneness with the God they worshipped. This is especially prominent in Tukaram. He declares for instance, "When I meditate on the Lord of Pandhari the body becomes transformed together with the mind. Where is there room for speech then? My I-ness is become Hari (God). With the mind merging in Divine Conciousness all creation looks divine. Tukaram says: 'how shall I put it? All at once I became lost in God-conciousness." And again, "The glory of the bhaktas is known only to themselves. It is hard for others to understand. In order to increase the happiness of love in this world they display duality without actually dividing. This is understood only by those who have experienced Unity through faith."
Eknath,Samartha Ramdas
The next great figure in this dynasty, Tukaram, (1608-'50) was a peasant trader by profession but ranks as the crown of Maratha sainthood after Jnaneshwara. The woman poet Bahinabai speaks of him as the steeple or pinnacle of the edifice whose foundation Jnaneshwara had laid. Rameshwar, a contemporary disciple, declaired that " in jnana, bhakti and vairagya (dispassion) there was no one to match Tukaram". Even today his songs sway our emotions as they did his contemporaries
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Saturday, October 8, 2011

Soils in India

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has divided Indian soils into eight major groups:

Alluvial Soil in India

They are by far the largest and the most important soil group of India. They are composed of sediments deposited by rivers and the waves. Their chemical composition makes them one of the most fertile in the world. Usually deficient in nitrogen and humus (thus fertilizers are needed).
Occupy the plains (from Punjab to Assam) and also occur in the valleys of Narmada and Tapti in M.P. & Gujarat, Mahanadi in the MP and Orissa, Godawari in A.R and Cauvery in T.N.
Can be divided into Khadar (new) and Bhangar (older, more clayey and kankary) alluvium.

Black Soil in India
  • Also called Regur and is ideal for cotton crop. These soils have been formed due to the solidification of lava spread over large areas during volcanic activity in the Deccan Plateau, thousands of years ago.
  • They are black due to compounds of iron and aluminium (also because of titaniferous magnetite).
  • Mainly found in Deccan Plateau – Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
  • Apart from cotton cultivation, these fertile soils are suitable for growing cereals, oilseeds, citrus fruits and vegetables, tobacco and sugarcane.
  • They have high moisture retention level.
  • Lack in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter.
Red Soil in India
  • They are mainly formed due to the decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses and from rock types rich in minerals such as iron and magnesium. The term ‘red soil’ is due to the wide diffusion of iron oxides through the materials of the soil.
  • Covers almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, S.E. Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh, parts of Orissa, Jharkhand and Bundelkhand.
  • Generally deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphorus, but rich in potash.
  • Suitable for rice, millets, tobacco and vegetables (also groundnuts and potatoes at higher elevations).

Laterite Soil in India
  • Found in typical monsoon conditions – under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. The alterations of wet and dry season leads to the leaching away of siliceous matter and lime of the rocks and a soil rich in oxides of iron and aluminium compounds is left behind.
  • Found in parts of Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Rajmahal hills, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, etc.
  • Poor in nitrogen and minerals.
  • Best for tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona, coconut and suitable for rice and millet cultivation if manured.
Forest and Mountain Soils
  • Such soils are mainly found on the hill slopes covered by forests. The formation of these soils is mainly governed by the characteristic deposition of organic matter derived from forest growth.
  • In the Himalayan region, such soils are mainly found in valley basins, depressions and less steeply inclined slopes. Apart from the Himalayan region, the forest soils occur in higher hills in south and the peninsular region.
  • Very rich in humus but are deficient in Potash, phosphorous and lime and needs fertilizers.
  • Plantation of tea, coffee, spices and tropical fruits.

Arid and Desert Soils
  • A large part of the arid and semi-arid region in Rajasthan and adjoining areas of Punjab and Haryana lying between the Indus and the Aravallis receiving less than 50 cm of annual rainfall is affected by desert conditions.
  • This area is covered by a mantle of sand which inhibits soil growth.
  • The phosphate content of these soils is as high as in normal alluvial soils. Nitrogen is originally low but its deficiency is made up to some extent by the availability of nitrogen in the form of nitrates. Thus the presence of phosphates and nitrates make them fertile soils wherever moisture is available.
  • The changes in the cropping pattern in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area are a living example of the utility of the desert soils.
Saline and Alkaline Soils
  • In the drier parts of Bihar, Up Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra, are the salt-impregnated or alkaline soils. Known by different names: Reh, kallar, USAR, etc.
  • Some of the salts are transported in solution by the rivers and canals, which percolates in the sub-soils of the plains.
  • The accumulation of salts makes the soil infertile and renders it unfit for agriculture.
Peaty and Marshy Soils
  • Originate in the humid regions as a result of accumulation of large amounts of organic matter in the soil. They contain considerable amounts of soluble salts and 10 – 40% of organic matter.
  • Peaty soils are found in Kottayam and Alappuzha districts of Kerala, where it is called Kari.
  • Marshy soils, high in vegetable matter, are found in northern Bihar, coastal parts of Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal and parts of UP
Soil Erosion in India
  • Acute in hilly and dry regions
  • Causes – depletion of forests, wrong use of lands such as cultivation on very steep slopes, cattle rearing. It ultimately leads to Badland Topography.
  • Remedy – Afforestation, contour cultivation etc.
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Wet-lands

A Land area whose soil gets saturated with moisture either permanently or temporally is called a Wet-land. These Wet-lands are separated from the Water-bodies based on the comparative level of water and the variety of species found there.

Technically speaking Wet lands are classified as both Biomes and Ecosystems. They are also defined as Ecotones that transit between water bodies and dry lands. Thus, simply put wet lands are lands with Hydric Soil. The Ramsar Convention that defines international standards on wetlands has defined them as:

“Wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.”

These Wet-lands are extremely important for sustaining a healthy environment as they help to retain water during dry-periods, keeping the water table level stable. They also help restrict the rise of water level during Flood times and are home to numerous species of birds and animals.

Since ages wetlands have been used to maintain the quality of water and water-purification. Woefully, due to their lacking of potential financial gains, Wetlands have been subjected to continuous draining or conversions into tourist purpose lakes. 

Wetlands Classification Scheme


 Inland Wetlands  
 1. Natural   Lakes/Ponds
  Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off meanders
  Waterlogged (Seasonal)
  Playas
  Swamp/marsh
 2. Man-Made   Reservoirs
  Tanks
  Waterlogged
  Abandoned quarries
  Ash pond/cooling pond
 Coastal Wetlands  
 1. Natural  Estuary
  Lagoon
  Creek
  Backwater (Kayal)
  Bay
  Tidal flat/Split/Bar
  Coral reef
  Rocky coast
  Mangroove forest
  Salt marsh/marsh vegetation
  Other vegetation
2. Man-Made   Salt pans
  Aquaculture

The Wetland Ecosystem in India is spread over a wide range of varied climatic conditions, that is ranging from the wetlands in cold and humid Jammu and Kashmir to Hot and Humid conditions in Peninsular India there is a great variety of these Wetlands. Under the conservation of Wetlands in India, 71 wetlands have been recognized that are a part of national Parks and sanctuaries. The Mangrove area in India covers a total of 7% of World’s Mangroves. Prominent mangrove covers in India are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Sundarbans delta, the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna rivers. Parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers.

The Sunderbans Delta in India is home to World’s largest Mangrove Forest and is also identified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It also is a home to number of species including Bengal Tiger. The Rann of Kutch, a marshy region in Western Gujarat, is a large saltwater lagoon which was originally a part of Arabian Sea.

Following is a list of Ramsar Sites in India that is the Wetlands that have been declared as “Internationally Important”.

Name                                                                    Area (km2)
______________________________________________________________________
Ashtamudi Wetland, Kerala                                                          614
Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Orissa                                                   650
Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh                                                      32
Chandertal Wetland, Himachal Pradesh                                         0.49
Chilika Lake, Orissa                                                                     1165
Deepor Beel, Assam                                                                        40
East Calcutta Wetlands, West Bengal                                              125
Harike Lake, Punjab                                                                         41
Hokera Wetland, Jammu and Kashmir                                            13.75
Kanjli, Punjab                                                                                   1.83
Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan                                                 28.73
Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh                                                           901
Loktak Lake, Manipur                                                                       266
Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu                     385
Pong Dam Lake, Himachal Pradesh                                                   156.62
Renuka Wetland, Himachal Pradesh                                                      0.2
Ropar, Punjab                                                                                    13.65
Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura                                                                     2.4
Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan                                                                     240
Sasthamkotta Lake, Kerala                                                                   3.73
Surinsar-Mansar Lakes, Jammu and Kashmir                                        3.5
Tsomoriri, Jammu and Kashmir                                                            120
Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch), Uttar Pradesh            265.9
Vembanad-Kol Wetland, Kerala                                                        1512.5
Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir                                                         189
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National Parks and Sanctuaries

National parks are established by the government to conserve endangered species of animals. Hailey National Park or Jim Corbett National Park is the India's first national park and was established in 1935. By 1970, India had only five national parks till 1970 but now the number has increased to 97. All national parks altogether covers 38,029.18 km² of land area.

India has over 500 Wildlife Sanctuaries. Among these, Project Tiger administers 28 Tiger Reserves established with an aim to conserve tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named Bird Sanctuary. Many Wildlife Sanctuaries are later on converted into National Parks.

Some sanctuaries are dedicated to some specific animal species, like the National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary for conserving the Gharial established in 1978.

Some of the famous national parks and Sanctuaries are enlisted below with their home state or territory and the date that they were established.

Famous National Parks in India

S.No.National Parks  StateYear in which established Area (in sq. Km)
 1.       Gir National Park Gujarat  1975  258.71

 2.    		 Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh 1982 448.85
 3.       Corbett National Park Uttarakhand  1936 520.82
 4.       Dudhwa National Park  Uttar Pradesh 1977 490.29
 5.       Ranthambore National Park  Rajasthan 1980 392
 6.       Kaziranga National Park  Assam  1974  471.71
 7. Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh 1955 940
 8. Nagarhole National Park Karnataka1988  643.39
 9. Sundarbans National Park West Bengal 1984 1330.10
 10. Manas National Park Assam 1990 500
 11. Bandipur National Park Karnataka 1974 874.20
 12. Sultanpur National Park Haryana 1989 1.43
 13. Sariska National Park Rajasthan 1979 800

Famous Wildlife Sanctuaries in India

 S.No.Sanctuaries  StateYear in which established  Area (in sq. Km) 
 1. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan 1971 29
 2. Sariska Tiger Reserve Rajasthan 1955 800
 3. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary Kerala 1950 (as sanctuary)
1978 (as tiger reserve)		 777
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India : Geographical Facts

Coldest Place in India: Drass, Ladakh

Drass, located in western Ladakh is the coldest inhabited place in India and also ranked 2nd coldest inhabited place of India after Siberia. The place is located at the altitude of 3230 m in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir. The climatic conditions found here are extremely harsh with the winter temperature as low as - 22oC to -45oC with strong snow storms while summer temperature is near 15oC.

Highest Rainfall in India: Cherrapunji

Cherrapunjee receives the highest rainfall and considered the wettest place on Earth for receiving the highest rainfall ever. Cherrapunji is located at 56 kms from Shillong, in Meghalaya. The place receives an annual rainfall of over 450 inches, as receives both the Southwest and Northeast monsoon shower, giving it a single monsoon season.

Largest Glacier in India: Siachen Glacier

Siachen Glacier is the largest glacier in India with the length of 75.6 km and width of 2.8 km, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas. The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border.

Largest waterfalls in India: Chitrakoot

Chitrakoot falls located in Chattisgarh amidst the Vindhya ranges is the largest waterfall of India and is also referred as Niagara Falls of India. . The waterfall is formed by the Indravati River. The horse shoe shaped waterfall is with the height of 100 feet and width of the fall is not fixed and keeps varying with the change of water level in the river, width can reach up to 1000 feet in the months of July – October after the monsoon period.

Longest River in India: Ganga

Ganga is the longest river of India which flows east through the Gangetic Plain of northern India and Bangladesh. Three cities of India namely Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi attract large number of pilgrims for the holy dip in the river Ganga, as it is considered a sacred river to the Hindu's. 2,510 km long Ganga River rises in the western Himalayas in the Uttarakhand state of India, and drains into the Sunderbans delta in the Bay of Bengal.

Tallest Mountain in India: Kangchenjunga

Kangchenjunga is the tallest mountain peak of India and also ranked as the third highest mountain in the world (after Mount Everest and K2). The height of Kangchenjunga is 8,586 metres. There are total 5 peaks out of which three lies on border of India and Nepal, while the other two are completely in Nepal.  There is also the Kangchenjunga National Park, the protected area on the Indian Side.
 
State with the highest population: Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is the most densely populated state of India with a population of over 190 million people as per 2008 census. Uttar Pradesh is also ranked as the state with maximum number of districts and highest population in India. It has a total of 70 districts, with the 5th position in its area and size. Kanpur is the largest city of Uttar Pradesh.

Largest State in India: Rajasthan

Rajasthan is the largest state of India, stretched to an area of 342,239 sq km in western part of India. The state of Rajasthan is blend of two distinct geographical regions with desert in the west and thick forest in the East, separated by geographical separation of Aravallis, the oldest mountain chain. The pink city, Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan.

Smallest State in India: Goa

Goa is the smallest state in India with an area of 3702 sq. km, located on the Western Ghats range. Goa is one of the major tourist attractions in India, visited by international and domestic tourists in large number. Goa is popular for its beaches, world heritage architecture and churches.  It is also the treasure of rich flora and fauna and declared biodiversity hotspot. Panaji is the capital of Goa and Vasco is its largest town.
 State with maximum districts: Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh is the state with maximum number of districts. There are total 70 districts present in Uttar Pradesh. The state is also ranked the highly populated state of India. Lucknow is the administrative and legislative capital of Uttar Pradesh while Kanpur is the financial and industrial capital of the state. The state's high court is based at Allahabad. Kanpur is the largest city of the state and other major cities are Meerut, Bareilly, Allahabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.

State with minimum districts: Goa

Goa is the state with the minimum number of districts. It has only two districts namely North Goa & South Goa. North Goa is stretched to an area of 1736 sq. Km while South Goa covers 1966 sq km. Panaji is the administrative headquarters of North Goa, which is also the capital of Goa. Margao is the administrative headquarters of the South Goa district of the Goa state.

Smallest district in India: Mahe

Mahe is the smallest district in India with an area of 9 sq. km. Mahe is geographically located in the state of Kerala, where as administratively it comes under the control of Union Territory of Pondicherry. Mahe has the official name of Mayyazhi in the local Malayalam language.

Largest district in India: Kachchh

Kachchh also spelled as Kutch of Gujarat state is the largest District in India. The kutch district covers an area of 45,652 sq km is the largest District in India. The administrative headquarters of Kachchh is in Bhuj. The district's five main towns are Gandhidham, Bhuj, Anjaar, Mandavi and Mundra. There are 966 smaller villages in the area.

Smallest Union Territory of India: Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory in India with an area of 32 sq km. Lakshadweep group of islands lie in the Arabian Sea. There are 36 islands, few of the major one are Minicoy, Kalpeni, Androth, Kavaratti, Amini, Pitti, Kiltan, Kadmat etc.The administrative head quarter of Lakshadweep is at Kavaratti. The islands of Lakshadweep are renowned as the only coral reef islands in India and are the major tourist destination for water sports.

 Largest Union Territory of India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Andaman & Nicobar Islands with an area of 8,249 sq km is the largest union territory in India. The group of 572 islands is located in the Bay of Bengal. The entire chain of island consists of two distinct groups of islands. The Great Andaman group of islands in the north is separated by the Ten Degree Channel from the Nicobar group in the south. The Andaman group of islands is divided into three main groups North Andaman, Middle Andaman and South Andaman. The Nicobar group of islands consists of 7 big and 12 small islands together with several tiny islands. The Great Nicobar is the largest of all the islands.

Largest Delta in India: Sundarban

Sundarban is the largest delta in India and come under the category of world’s largest delta formed by the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. The Sunderban delta is stretched to an area of 4262 sq. km in India. They are vast tract of forest and saltwater swamp forming the lower part of the Ganges Delta, extending about 260 km along the Bay of Bengal from the Hooghly River Estuary in India to the Meghna River Estuary in Bangladesh. The delta is spread over 54 islands and two countries, mainly marked by mangrove forests with the presence of Sundari trees in large number.

Largest Alluvial Plain of India: Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain

 Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain also referred as the great plain of north India is the largest alluvial plain of the India and is also the world’s largest alluvial plain. This plain is stretched from the mouth of the Indus to the mouth of the Ganga with a length of 3200 km. The plain partly covers the portion of Pakistan and partly India. In India, the plain covers an area of 2400 km. The average width of the plain varies from 150 to 300 km. The plain in the north is bounded by the foothills of the Shiwaliks but its southern boundary is a wavy irregular line along the northern edge of the Peninsular India.

Largest River Island in India: Majuli Island

Majuli Island in Assam is the largest River Island in India. Majuli is in the Brahmaputra River, and is about 200 kilometres east from Guwahati, the capital of Assam. Majuli was formed due to course changes by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries, mainly the Lohit. The total area of the island was 1250 sq.km but due to erosion its present area is 557 sq km. The island has twenty-three villages with a population of 150,000 and a density of 300 persons per square km.

Largest Lake in India: Wular Lake

Wular Lake is the largest fresh water lake of India and also ranked the largest fresh water lake of Asia. The Wular Lake is located in the in Bandipore district of Jammu and Kashmir. The lake was formed as a result of tectonic activity and is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia by surface area.

 Eastern most point of India: Kibithu

The Kibithu is the easternmost point of India. It is a tiny village located at the heights of 11,000 feet in the Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh bordering China's Tibet region.

 Western most point of India: Ghuar Mota

India’s western extreme point is Ghuar mota in Gujarat, located at 23.67 N Latitude and 68.52 E. Longitude. Ghuar Mota is in the western most point of the country and the well populated place with the population of 3038 in the Kutch district of Gujarat. Other cities located near Ghuar Mota are: Koteshwar, Mudia, Panadra, Pipar, Ber Mota, Ber, Lakhpat, and Lakhpal.

 Southern most point of India: Indira Point

The southern most point of India is Indira point, tip of the Great Nicobar Island. The Indira point is located at 6o 45' N Latitude, the place was previously called as Pygmalion Point but later renamed as Indira Point by late Prime Minister of the country, Rajiv Gandhi after his mother. Larger portion of the Indira Point was submerged into sea due to the tsunami generated by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Manty exotic sea animals are also found at this place.

 Southern most point of Indian mainland: Kanyakumari

The southern most point of Indian mainland is Kanyakumari, also referred as Cape Comorin, is located in the state of Tamil Nadu. Kanyakumari is the confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. The place is renowned for its spectacular sunrises and sunsets. Kanyakumari has been associated with great men such as Swami Vivekanada and Mahatma Gandhi.

 Northern most point of India: Siachen Glacier

Siachen Glacier is the northernmost point of India under the control of Indian government, located in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. The issue of the Northern most point is still the disp[uted one as if the state of Jammu and Kashmir is considered totally in the Indian control then the northern most point will be Dafdar in the Taghdumbash Pamir near Beyik Pass in Kanjut.
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Tallest Statue in India

The statue of Gomateshwara at Sravanbelagola in Karnataka is the tallest statue in India. The statue is 17m (55 ft) high and is visible from a distance of 30km. The gigantic monolithic statue is carved out of a single block of granite and stands majestically on top of a hill. This statue of Lord Gomateshwara was created around 983 AD by Chamundraya, a minister of the Ganga King, Rajamalla. Lord Gomateshwara was a Jain saint, hence the place is an important Jain pilgrimage center. The statue of Gomateswara shows the recluse completely nude, in the Jain custom. The neighboring areas have Jain bastis and several images of the Jain Thirthankaras. At Sravanbelgola the Mahamastakabhishekam festival is held once in 12 years, when the image of Gomateswara is bathed in milk, curd, ghee, saffron and gold coins.
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Oldest Church in India

St Thomas Church at Palyar in Trichur, Kerala is considered to be the oldest church in India. In 52 A.D. Thomas Didaemus, one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ. is believed to have landed at Musiris (Cranganore) in Kerala. He made his first converts both Jews and Hindus at Palayur a town now in Trichur district, Kerala. There he built a small church with an altar, which he consecrated. The Palayur church still stands at the same site and is the oldest church in India. In the 17th century Reverend Fenichi enclosed the original church with a new outer building, as the wooden walls of the old church were destroyed with time. But the original altar consecrated by St. Thomas still remains at this site.
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Largest Temple Corridor in India

The corridor of Ramnathswamy Temple at Rameshwaram is the largest temple corridor in India. The temple has 1220 metres of magnificent corridors and has 1200 gigantic granite columns. Ramnathswamy temple was built in the 17th century. The temple is situated close to the sea on the eastern side of the island and has a 54 metre tall gopuram.

Rameshwaram is an island situated in the Gulf of Mannar at the tip of the Indian peninsula. Rameshwaram is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas of India. Rameshwaram is an important pilgrimage destination for Hindus. According to the Hindu mythology, Lord Rama performed thanksgiving rituals at Rameshwaram after his triumph over the demon king Ravana.
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Largest Dome in India

Gol Gumbaz, situated in Bijapur district of Karnataka, is the largest dome in India. Gol Gumbaz has a diameter of 124 feet and is the second largest dome in the world, next only to St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The dome was built by Muhammad Adil Shah in the year 1656. It has a floor area of 1700 m2 and a height of 51 m. The walls of the structure are 3 m. thick. The dome contains tombs of Muhammad Adil Shah, his two wives, his mistress, his daughter and grandson. Gol Gumbaz is an architectural wonder as it stands unsupported by pillars. The most remarkable feature of Gol Gumbaz is its acoustical system. Even the faintest whisper around the dome echoes several times.
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Largest Monastery in India

Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh is the largest monastery in India. The monastery is 3 storey high and occupies an area of 140 sq m. It is enclosed by a 610 m long compound wall. Within the complex there are 65 residential buildings and 10 other structures.

Tawang Monastery is one of the most largest Monasteries of Mahayana sect in Asia. It was founded by the Mera Lama Lodre Gyasto in 17 century AD in accordance to the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Nagwang Lobsang Gyatso. The Monastery is also known in Tibetan as Galden Namgey Lhatse, which means a true name within a celestial paradise in a clear night. The library of the monastery has valuable old scriptures mainly Kanjur and Tanjur numbering 850 bundles.
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