General Knowledge Questions and Answers

No.	General Knowledge Question	Answer
1	The first Prime minister of Bangladesh was	Mujibur Rehman
2	The longest river in the world is the	Nile
3	The longest highway in the world is the	Trans-Canada
4	The longest highway in the world has a length of	About 8000 km
5	The highest mountain in the world is the	Mount Everest
6	The country that accounts for nearly one third of the total teak production of the world is	Myanmar
7	The biggest desert in the world is the	Sahara desert
8	The largest coffee growing country in the world is	Brazil
9	The country also known as "country of copper" is	Zambia
10	The name given to the border which separates Pakistan and Afghanistan is	Durand line
11	The river Volga flows out into the	Caspian sea
12	The coldest place on the earth is	Verkoyansk in Siberia
13	The country which ranks second in terms of land area is	Canada
14	The largest Island in the Mediterranean sea is	Sicily
15	The river Jordan flows out into the	Dead sea
16	The biggest delta in the world is the	Ganges Delta
17	The capital city that stands on the river Danube is	Belgrade
18	The Japanese call their country as	Nippon
19	The length of the English channel is	564 kilometres
20	The world's oldest known city is	Damascus
21	The city which is also known as the City of Canals is	Venice
22	The country in which river Wangchu flows is	Myanmar
23	The biggest island of the world is	Greenland
24	The city which is the biggest centre for manufacture of automobiles in the world is	Detroit, USA
25	The country which is the largest producer of manganese in the world is	China & South Africa
26	The country which is the largest producer of rubber in the world is	Malaysia
27	The country which is the largest producer of tin in the world is	China
28	The river which carries maximum quantity of water into the sea is the	Amazon River
29	The city which was once called the `Forbidden City' was	Peking
30	The country called the Land of Rising Sun is	Japan
31	Mount Everest was named after	Sir George Everest
32	The volcano Vesuvius is located in	Italy
33	The country known as the Sugar Bowl of the world is	Cuba
34	The length of the Suez Canal is	162.5 kilometers
35	The lowest point on earth is	The coastal area of Dead sea
36	The Gurkhas are the original inhabitants of	Nepal
37	The largest ocean of the world is the	Pacific ocean
38	The largest bell in the world is the	Tsar Kolkol at Kremlin, Moscow
39	The biggest stadium in the world is the	Strahov Stadium, Prague
40	The world's largest diamond producing country is	South Africa
41	Australia was discovered by	James Cook
42	The first Governor General of Pakistan is	Mohammed Ali Jinnah
43	Dublin is situated at the mouth of river	Liffey
44	The earlier name of New York city was	New Amsterdam
45	The Eiffel tower was built by	Alexander Eiffel
46	The Red Cross was founded by	Jean Henri Durant
47	The country which has highest population density is	Monaco
48	The national flower of Britain is	Rose
49	Niagara Falls was discovered by	Louis Hennepin
50	The national flower of Italy is	Lily
51	The national flower of China is	Narcissus
52	The permanent secretariat of the SAARC is located at	Kathmandu
53	The gateway to the Gulf of Iran is	Strait of Hormuz
54	The first Industrial Revolution took place in	England
55	World Environment Day is observed on	5th June
56	The first Republican President of America was	Abraham Lincoln
57	The country famous for Samba dance is	Brazil
58	The name of Alexander's horse was	Beucephalus
59	Singapore was founded by	Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
60	The famous British one-eyed Admiral was	Nelson
61	The earlier name of Sri Lanka was	Ceylon
62	The UNO was formed in the year	1945
63	UNO stands for	United Nations Organization
64	The independence day of South Korea is celebrated on	15th August
65	'Last Judgement' was the first painting of an Italian painter named	Michelangelo
66	Paradise Regained was written by	John Milton
67	The first President of Egypt was	Mohammed Nequib
68	The first man to reach North Pole was	Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary
69	The most famous painting of Pablo Picasso was	Guermica
70	The primary producer of newsprint in the world is	Canada
71	The first explorer to reach the South Pole was	Cap. Ronald Amundson
72	The person who is called the father of modern Italy is	G.Garibaldi
73	World literacy day is celebrated on	8th September
74	The founder of modern Germany is	Bismarck
75	The country known as the land of the midnight sun is	Norway
76	The place known as the Roof of the world is	Tibet
77	The founder of the Chinese Republic was	San Yat Sen
78	The first Pakistani to receive the Nobel Prize was	Abdul Salam
79	The first woman Prime Minister of Britain was	Margaret Thatcher
80	The first Secretary General of the UNO was	Trygve Lie
81	The sculptor of the statue of Liberty was	Frederick Auguste Bartholdi
82	The port of Baku is situated in	Azerbaijan
83	John F Kennedy was assassinated by	Lee Harvey Oswald
84	The largest river in France is	Loire
85	The Queen of England who married her brother-in-law was	Catherine of Aragon
86	The first black person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize was	Ralph Johnson Bunche
87	The first British University to admit women for degree courses was	London University
88	The principal export of Jamaica is	Sugar
89	New York is popularly known as the city of	Skyscrapers
90	Madagascar is popularly known as the Island of	Cloves
91	The country known as the Land of White Elephant is	Thailand
92	The country known as the Land of Morning Calm is	Korea
93	The country known as the Land of Thunderbolts is	Bhutan
94	The highest waterfalls in the world is the	Salto Angel Falls, Venezuela
95	The largest library in the world is the	United States Library of Congress, Washington DC
96	The author of Harry Potter Books is	JK Rowling
97	Nickname of New York city is	Big Apple
98	What do you call a group of sheep?	A Flock of Sheep
99	In which sport do players take long and short corners?	Hockey
100	Who was the youngest President of the USA?	Theodore Roosevelt
101	How many legs do butterflies have?	6 Legs & 2 Pair of Wings
102	Who invented the Nintendo Wii?	Kashi Kabushiki
103	What year does the Nintendo Wii come out?	Late 2006
104	Who invented the Light Bulb?	Humphry Davy
105	Who invented the washing machine?	James King
106	Who invented the first electric washing machine?	Alva Fisher
107	Who invented the safety pin?	Walter Hunt
108	Who invented the Vacuum Cleaner?	Hubert Booth
109	Who won the Football World Cup in 2006?	Italy
110	Which country hosted the Football World Cup in 2006?	Germany
110	Who is the new Prime Minister of the United Kingdom?	David Cameron
111	Who won Men's Singles title in French Open 2010?	Rafael Nadal (Spain)
112	Who won Women's Singles title in French Open 2010?	Francesca Schiavone (Italy)
113	Who won Men's Doubles title in French Open 2010?	Daniel Nestor (Canada) & Nenad Zimonjic (Serbia)
114	Who won Women's Doubles title in French Open 2010?	Serena & Venus Williams (USA)
115	What is the longest word in English in which each letter is used at least two times?	Unprosperousness
116	What is the most popular breed of dog?	Retrievers
117	Who is the CEO of search company Google?	Eric Schmidt
118	Who is Miss USA 2010?	Rima Fakih
119	Which country won the Thomas Cup title for Badminton in 2010?	China
120	Who was the first Indian to join the Indian Civil Services?	Satyendranath Tagore
121	Who was the first woman Governor of India?	Sarojini Naidu
122	Which two countries have signed the Nuclear Swap deal with Iran?	Brazil and Turkey
123	Who won the Madrid Masters men's tournament in 2010?	Rafael Nadal
124	Who is CEO of Yahoo?	Carol Bartz
125	Who is the first man to climb Mount Everest without oxygen?	Phu Dorji
126	How many words can you make from a five letter word by shuffling the places of each alphabet?	120
127	Speed of computer mouse is measured in which unit?	Mickey
128	Who topped Forbes list of 'Billionaire Universities' in 2010?	Harvard University
129	Barack Obama's birthday is on which date?	August 4, 1961

SOME POPULAR PLACES IN INDIA

• Agra – The Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort
• Delhi - Qutub Minar, Red Fort, Jama Maszid, Lotus Temple, Rail Museum, Doll Museum
• Jammu & Kashmir – Patnitop, Vaishno Devi Temple, Shalimar and Nishant Bagh, Dal lake
• Chandigarh – Rock Garden, Rose Garden, Pinjore Garden, Sukhna Lake
• Himachal Pradesh – Shimla, Dalhousie, Kullu & Manali
• Gangtok – Kanchenjunga National Park, Tsomgo lake, monastries
• Uttaranchal – Dehradun, Massourie, Nanital
• Jaipur – Hawa Mahal, Palace Museum, Sheeshmahal, Jantar Mantar, Chokhi Dhani, other forts and palaces
• Konark – Sun Temple
• Kolkata – Hoogley river, Hawrah Bridge, Eden Gardens, Victoria Memorial Hall, National Library, Rabindra Sarovar, Indian Museum
• Mumbai – Marine Drive, Gateway of India, Prince of Wales Museum, Essel World, Juhu & Chowpatty beaches
• Goa – Beaches, St. Cathedral Church, Mahalakshmi Temple
• Hyderabad – Golconda Fort, Charminar
• Chennai – Marina Beach, St. George Fort, St. Mary Church,  
• Andaman & Nicobar Islands
• Lakshdweep Islands
  

Secretaries General of ASEAN

Name	Time	Country
Hartono Dharsono	7 June 1976 - 18 Feb 1978	Indonesia
Umarjadi Notowijono	19 Feb 1978 - 30 June 1978	Indonesia
Datuk Ali Bin Abdullah	10 Jul 1978 - 30 June 1980	Malaysia
Narciso G. Reyes	1 July 1980 - 1 July 1982	Philippines
Chan Kai Yau	18 July 1982 - 15 July 1984	Singapore
Phan Wannamethee	16 July 1984 - 15 July 1986	Thailand
Roderick Yong	16 July 1986 - 16 July 1989	Brunei
Rusli Noor	17 July 1989 - 1 Jan 1993	Indonesia
Ajit Singh	1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1997	Malaysia
Rodolfo Severino Jr.	1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 2002	Philippines
Ong Keng Yong	1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2007	Singapore
Surin Pitsuwan	1 Jan 2008 - 2012	Thailand

SAARC Secretary-Generals

Abul Ahsan (Bangladesh) (16 Jan 1987 - 15 Oct 1989)

Kant Kishore Bhargava (India) (17 Oct 1989 - 31 Dec 1991)

Ibrahim Hussain Zaki (Maldives) (1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1993)

Yadab Kant Silwal (Nepal) (1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1995)

Naeem U.Hasan (Pakistan)  (1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1998)

Nihal Rodrigo (Sri Lanka)  (1 Jan 1999 - 10 Jan 2002)

Q.A.M.A. Rahim (Bangladesh)  (11 Jan 2002 - 28 Feb 2005)

Chenkyab Dorji (Bhutan)  (1 Mar 2005 - 29 Feb 2008)

Sheel Kant Sharma (India) (1 Mar 2008 - 28 Feb 2011)

H.E. Uz. Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed (Maldives) (First Women Secretary General for SAARC)(1 Mar 2011 - Present)

General Search Engines

Alexa Web Search: analyzes site traffic including ranking, global users, pages linking to the site, and links to related pages of interest
AllTheWeb : returns results quickly from a database gathered by the Yahoo! crawler; offers multimedia and news searches; has a good advanced search interface
AltaVista : searches Web sites with advanced Boolean and field search options. See also Babel Fish, the AltaVista translation service.
Ask.com : general search engine enhanced by a number of specialty searches including a dictionary, thesaurus, currency converter, encyclopedia, maps, news and more
Bing : Microsoft engine that displays excerpts from sites retrieved by your search and offers related search suggestions; multimedia and other deep Web results are also displayed. Bing focuses on searches related to making a purchase decision, planning a trip, researching a health condition, and finding a local business. Also check out Bing Maps Beta.
ChaCha : search engine that offers live human guides to help answer queries; focuses on questions from mobile devices
Exalead : offers concept clustering of results, thumbnail images of retrieved sites, and customization options such as organization of results by file type, geography or modification date
Factbites : searches for full topic matches and returns meaningful, full sentence excerpts of sites in its results list
Google : Web's most popular search engine that retrieves results in real time as you type your search. Also check out Eco Smart Search.com, a Google-powered search engine with a black background display that saves energy.
Hakia : organizes results into types of information sources, including "credible " sites recommended by librarians
iSEEK Education : offers authoritative resources from university, government, and established noncommercial providers; organizes results into concept clusters, and also allows users to recommend and rate sites
Lycos : general search engine that also offers searches of a few deep Web content sources including people look-up, yellow pages, and multimedia
Quintura : displays a type of tag cloud with keywords related to your search that can be selected to generate new results
Search Edu.com : service that limits results to the .edu, domain; also offers to search well-known dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, etc.
Snappy Fingers : searches millions of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for answers to user queries
Sproose : searches Yahoo! and allows users to comment on and vote on its search results
Webbrain : offers results in visual layout of related terms for subsequent searching
Wolfram Alpha : enter a question or calculation, and Wolfram Alpha uses its built-in algorithms and own collection of data to compute the answer
Yahoo : portal with a general Web search and many other content services.

The Wonders of the World

Country Name	Monument
Australia	Opera House (Sydney)
China	The Great Wall of China
Denmark	Kinder disk
Egypt	Pyramid
France	Eiffel Tower (Paris)
India	The Taj Mahal (Agra)
Italy	Leaning Tower of Pisa
Japan	Emperial Palace
Malaysia	Tugu Negara
Russia	Kremlin (Moscow)
USA	Statue of Liberty (New York)

The Highest In India

S.No.	The Highest In India	Description
1	The Highest Dam	Bhakra Dam, on Satluj River, Punjab
2	The Highest Peak	Godwin Austen / K-2
3	The Highest Waterfall	Jog or Garsoppa (Karnataka)
4	The Highest Gateway	Buland Darwaza , Fatehpur Sikri (UP)
5	The Highest Lake	Devtal Lake, Gadhwal (Uttarakhand)
6	The Highest Gallantry Award	Param Vir Chakra
7	The Highest Award	Bharat Ratna
8	The Highest Road	Road at Khardungla (Leh-Manali Sector)
9	The Highest battle-field	Siachen Glacier
10	The Highest Airport	Leh Airport, Ladakh
11	The Highest Bridge	Chambal Bridge
12	The Highest Motorable Road Bridge	Khardungla, Ladakh
13	The Highest Highway	Manali-Leh National Highway
14	The Highly Literate State	Kerela
15	Highest Observatory	Mount Saraswat Hanley, Ladakh (J & K)
16	Highest straight gravity Dam	Bhakra Dam

ORIGINAL NAMES WITH ALTERNATIVE NAMES

Acharya Rajneesh: Osho 
Adam Smith: Father of Economics 
Adolf Hitler: Fuhrer (also fuehrer) 
Alfred Hitchcock: Master of Suspense 
Andrei D. Sakharov: Father of the (Soviet) Hydrogen Bomb 
Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Lokmanya; Father of Indian Unrest 
Bhagat Singh: Shahid - e - Azam 
C.F. Andrews: Deenabandhu 
C.N. Annadurai: Anna 
Chittaranjan Das: Deshbandhu 
Dadabhai Naoroji: Grand Old Man of India; Father of Indian Politics and Economics
Dadasaheb Phalke: Father of Indian Cinema
Duke of Wellington: Iron Duke
Edmund Spencer: Poets' Poet 
Ernest Rutherford: Father of Nuclear Physics
Erwin Rammel: Desert Fax
Florence Nightingale: Lady with the Lamp
Geoffrey Chaucer: Father of English Poetry
Giovanni Baccaccio: Father of the Novel 
Gurcharan Singh: Ground Old Man of Indian Pottery, Daddyji
Henrik J. Ibsen: Father of Modern Drama 
Herodotus: Father of History 
Hippocrates: Father of Medicine 
Homi J. Bhabha: Father of Indian Nuclear Science 
Indira Gandhi: Iron Lady of India 
J.R.D. Tata: Father of Civil Aviation in India
Jamshedji Tata: Father of Indian Industry 
Jawaharlal Nehru: Chacha; Panditji 
 Jayaprakash Narayan: 'J.P'; Loknayak 
Joan of Arc: Maid of Orleans 
Joseph Priestley: Father of Soda Pop; Father of Modern Chemistry 
K.M. Cariappa: Kipper, Grand Old Man of Indian Army
K.V. Puttappa: Kuvempu 
Kalidas: Indian Shakespeare, Shakespeare of India 
Kato Ichire: Dr. Robot
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Badshah Khan; Frantier Gandhi; Fakhre-e Afghan
Lala Lajpat Rai: Punjab Kesari (Lion of the Punjab or Sher-e-Punjab) 
M.F. Robespierre: The Incorruptible 
M.K. Gandhi: Bapu; Mahatma; Father of the Nation
M.S. Golwalkar: Guruji 
Madan Mohan Malaviya: Mahamana 
Nandlal Base: Father of Modern Painting in India
Napoleon Bonaparte: Little Corporol; Man of Density
Otto Von Bismarck: Man of Blood and Iron; Iron Chancellor 
Rabindranath Tagore: Gurudev 
Rajinder Singh: Sparrow 
Raja Rammohan Roy: Father of Indian Renaissance
Richard Cobden: Apostle of Free Trade
Samudragupta: Indian Napoleon
S. Sathyamurthi: Firebrand of South India 
Salim Ali: The Birdman of India 
Sarojini Naidu: Nightingale of India 
Shakti Chattapadhyaya: Robert Frost of West Bengal
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: Lion of Kashmir (Sher-e-Kashmir) 
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: Bangabandhu 
St. Nicholas: Santa Claus 
Subhash Chandra Bose: Netaji 
Susruta: Father of Modern Plastic Surgery 
 Tanguturi Prakasam: Andhra Kesari 
Tenzing Norgay: Tiger of Snows 
 Thomas Cook: Father of Modern Tourism 
Thomas Edward Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia 
Tushar Kanti Ghosh: Grand Old Man of Indian Journalism 
Vallabhbhai Patel: Iron Man of India, Bismarck of India
Vinoba Bhave: Acharya 
V.M. Basheer: Sultan of Beypore
Walter Scott: Wizard of the North 
William Ewart Gladstone: Grand Old Man of British Politics
William Pitt: The Younger Pitt, Grand Commoner 
William Shakespeare: Bard of Avon

Research Institutions in India

Ahmedabad

Indian Institute of Management
Institute for Plasma Research
Physical Research Laboratory

Allahabad

Harish Chandra Research Institute

Bangalore

Central Power Research Institute
Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation (CSIR)
Indian Academy of Science
Indian Institute of Management
Indian Institute of Science
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
ISRO Satellite Centre
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
National Aerospace Laboratories
National Centre for Biological Sciences
National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences
Raman Research Institute

Barrackpore (W. B.)

Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute

Bhopal

Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering

Bhubaneswar

Institute of Physics
Regional Research Laboratory

Calcutta

Indian Institute of Management
Indian Statistical Institute
Inter University Consortium on DAE Facilities
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
S.N.Bose National Center for Basic Sciences
Variable Energy Cyclotron Center

Chandigarh

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research

Chennai (Madras)

Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI- Karaikudi)
Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture
Indian Institute of Technology
Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences
M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
National Centre for Ultrafast Processes
National Institute of Ocean Technology
SPIC Science Foundation
Structural Engineering Research Centre

Delhi

Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSIR Human Resources Development Group
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Directorate of Wheat Research
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
Indian Institute of Technology
Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
National Brain Research Centre
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research
Nuclear Science Centre
Science and Engineering Research Council
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Petroleum Conservation Research Association

Dehradun

Forest Research Institute
Indian Institute of Petroleum
Wildlife Institute of India

Dirang (Arunachal Pradesh)

National Research Centre on Yak

Durgapur

Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

Eluru (A. P.)

National Research Centre for Oil Palm

Gadanki

National Atmospheric Research Laboratory

Gandhi Nagar

Institute for Plasma Research

Goa

National Institute of Oceanography

Hyderabad

Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
Environment Protection Training and Research Institute
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru
National Geophysical Research Institute
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology

Indore

Center for Advanced Technology

Jammu

Regional Research Laboratory

Jhansi (U. P)

National Research Centre for Agroforestry

Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

Central Arid Zone Research Institute

Kanpur

Indian Institute of Pulses Research
Indian Institute of Technology

Kasaragod

Central Plantation Crops Research Institute

Kharagpur

Indian Institute of Technology

Kochi

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

Lucknow

Central Drug Research Institute
Indian Council of Philosophy Research
Indian Institute of Management
Industrial Toxicology Research Centre
National Botanical Research Institute
National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property

Mathura

Central Institute for Research on Goats

Mumbai (Bombay)

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy
Indian Institute of Geomagnetism
Indian Institute of Technology
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
National Centre for Software Technology
Society for Applied Microwave Electronic Engineering and Research
Tata Insitute of Fundamental Research

Palakkad

Fluid Control Research Institute

Palampur (H.P.)

Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology

Peechi

Kerala Forest Research Institute

Pilani

Central Electronics Research Institute
Birla Institute of Technology and Science

Puttur (Karnataka)

National Research Centre on Cashew

Pune

Agharkar Research Institute
Bioinformatics Distributed Information Centre
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics
National Chemical Laboratory

Roorkie (U. P.)

Central Building Research Institute

Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

Centre for Development Studies
Centre for Earth Science Studies
Electronic Research and Development Centre
National Transportation Planning and Research Centre
Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology

Varanasi (U. P.)

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

Major Grasslands

Grasslands                 Continent/Country

                            
Prairies                       North America
Pampas                      South America
Pretoria                      South Africa
Veld                           South Africa
Steppes                      Eurasia
Downs                        Australia
Pustaz                        Hungary
Cantanburry               New Zealand

National Games and Countries

Country	Games
Argentina	Pato
Bahamas	Sloop
Bangladesh	Kabaddi
Brazil	Capoeira
Canada	Ice Hockey (winter), Lacrosse (summer)
Chile	Chilean rodeo
Colombia	Tejo
Mexico	Charrería
Korea (Rep.)	Tae Kwon Do
Philippines	Arnis
Puerto	Rico Paso fino
Sri Lanka	Volleyball
Uruguay	Gaucho
Afghanistan	Buzkashi
Anguilla	Yacht racing
Antigua and Barbuda	Cricket
Barbados	Cricket
Bermuda	Cricket
Bhutan	Archery
China	Table Tennis
Colombia Association	Football
Cuba	Baseball
Dominican	Republic Baseball
Finland	Pesäpallo
Grenada	Cricket
Guyana	Cricket
India	Field hockey
Ireland	Gaelic games
Jamaica	Cricket
Latvia	Basketball (summer sport)
Latvia	Ice hockey (winter sport)
Lithuania	Football
New Zealand	Rugby Union
Norway Cross-country	Skiing
Pakistan	Field Hockey
Papua New Guinea	Rugby league
Peru	Paleta Frontón
Slovenia Alpine	Skiing
Switzerland	Shooting, Gymnastics
Turkey	Wrestling & Jereed
United States	Baseball
Wales	Rugby union

Invention and Discoveries

Adding Machine, 1642. Inventor : Blaise Pascal (France) (1623-62). Earliest commercial machine invented by William Burroughs (U.S.) in St. Louis, Missouri in 1885.

Addressograph, 1893. Inventor : J.S. Duncan (U.S.). Manufactured in Chicago, Illinois.

Airplane, 1903. Inventors: Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912), (U.S.) Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Airship (non-rigid), 1852. Inventor : Henri Giffard (France) (1825-82). Steam-powered propeller flew over Paris (1852).

Airship (rigid), 1900. Inventor : Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany) (1838- 1917). Bodensee.

Antiseptic, 1867. Inventor : Dr. Joseph Lister (England).

Arc Lamp, 1879. Inventor : C.F. Brush (U.S.) (1849-1929). Cleveland, Ohio.

Argon, 1894. Discoverers : Sir William Ramsay and Baron Ray Leigh (Great Britain).

Aspirin, 1899. Inventor : Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany.

Atom Bomb, 1945. Inventor : Julius Robert Oppenheimer (U.S) (1904-1967).

Autogiro, 1923. Inventor : Juan de la Cierva (Spain) (1896-1963). Horizontal unpowered rotor.

Automobile (steam), c. 1769. Inventor : Nicolas Cugnot (France) (1725-1804). Three-wheeled military tractor. Oldest surviving is Italian Bordino (1854) in Turin.

Automobile (gasoline), 1855. Inventor : Karl Benz (Germany) (1844-1929). Earliest model by Father Ferdinand Verbiest (d. 1687) c. 1665 in China. Earliest internal combustion automobile built (1862-63) by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenior (1822-1900) (France). First run by Benz Motorwagon, Manneheim in November or December 1885. Patented in January 29,1886. First powered handcartwith internal combustion engine was by Siegfried Marcus (Austria) (c. 1864).

Bakelite, 1907. Inventor : Lwo H. Backcland (Belgium/U.S.) (1863-1944).

Balloon, 1783. Inventor : Jacques Montgolfier (1755-99) and Joseph Montgolfier (France) (1740-1810). Tethered flight, Paris (October 15); manned free flight, Paris.

Ballpoint Pen, 1888. Inventor : John J. Loud (U.S.). First practical models by Ladisloa and George Biro (Hungary) in 1938.

Barbed Wire, 1873. Inventor : Joseph F. Glidden (U.S.); manufactured at De Kalb, Illinois.

Bicycle Tyres (pneumatic), 1888. Inventor : John Boyd Dunlop (Scotland) (1840-1921). Principle patented but undeveloped by Orbert William Thomson (Scotland), June 10 1885. First motor car pneumatic tyres adapted by Andre and Edouard Michelin (France), 1885 (see rubber tyres).

Bifocal Lens, 1780. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) (U.S.). His earliest experiments began c. 1760.

Bullet, 1849. Inventor : Claude Minie (France).

Bunsen Burner, 1858. Inventor : Robert Wilhelm von Bunsen (Germany) (1811-99). Michael Faraday (1791-1867) (England) had previously designed an adjustable burner.

Burglar Alarm, 1851. Inventor : Edwin T. Holmes (U.S.). Electric installed, Boston Massachusetts (February 21).

Cadmium, 1817. Discovered : Friedrich Stromeyer (Germany).

Cannon (iron), c. 1320. Inventor : Germany. Earliest English illustration dated 1326.

Carburettor, 1876. Inventor : Gottlieb Daimler (Germany) (1834-1900). Carburettor spray; Charles E. Duryea (U.S.) 1892.

Carpet Sweeper, 1876. Inventor : Melville R. Bissell (U.S.). Grand Rapids, March. (Patent, September 19).

Car Radio, 1929. Inventors : William Lear and Elmer Wavering (USA).

Cash Register, 1879. Inventor : James Ritty (U.S.). Built in Dayton, Ohio. Taken over by National Cash Register Co. in 1884.

Cellophane, 1900. Inventor : I.E. Brandenberger (Switzerland). Machine production not before 1911.

Celluloid, 1861. Inventor : Alexander Parkes (England) (1813-90). Invented in Birmingham, England; developed and trade marked by I.W. Hyatt (U.S.) in 1873.

Cement, 1824. Inventor : Joseph Aspdin (England).

Chain Drive, 1491-93. Inventor : Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Drawings made in Milan (Italy) were discovered in Spain in 1967.

Chlorine, 1774. Discoverer : Karl Wilhelm Scheele (Sweden).

Chronometer, 1735. Inventor : John Harrison (England) (1693-1776). Received in 1772 Government £ 20,000 prize.

Cinema, 1895. Inventors: Auguste Marie Louis Nocolas Lumicre (1862-1954) and Louis Jean Lumiere (France) (1864-1948). Development pioneers were Etienne Jules Marcy (France) (1830-1903) and Thomas A. Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First public showing, Paris (December 28, 1895)

Classification of Data for Libraries. Inventor : Melvil Dewey (U.S.) (1851-1913). Introduced his decimal classification in 1876.

Clock (mechanical), 725. Inventors: I-Hsing and Liang Ling-Tsan (China). Earliest escapement 600 years before Europe.

Clock (pendulum), 1657. Inventor : Christian Huygens (Netherlands) (1629-92).

Dacron, 1941. Inventors: J.R. Whinfield (1901-66), J.T. Dickson (England). First available 1950, marketed in U.S.

Dental Plate, 1817. Inventor : Anthony A. Plantson (U.S.) (1774-1837).

Dental Plate (rubber), 1855. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S) (1845-1921).

Diesel Engine, 1895. Inventor : Rudolf Diesel (Germany) (1858-1913). Lower pressure oil engine patent by Stuart Akroyd, 1890. Diesel’s first commercial success, Augsberg, 1897.

Disc Brake, 1902. Inventor : Dr. F. Lanchester (England). First used on aircraft 1953 (Dunlop Rubber Co.).

Electric Battery, 1800. Inventor : Volta (Italian)

Electric Blanket; 1946. Inventor : Simmons Co., Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. Thermostatic control.

Electric Cooking Utensil, 1874. Inventor : St. George Lane-Fox (England).

Electric Fan, 1882. Inventor : Wheeler (USA). Electric Flat Iron, 1882. Inventor : H.W. Seeley (U.S.), New York City.

Electric Generation (Static), 1660. Inventor : Otto von Gueriche (Germany).

Electric Lamp, 1879. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First practical demonstration at Menlo Park, New Jersey.

Electric Motor (DC), 1873. Inventor : Zenobe Gramme (Belgium) (1826-1901). Exhibited in Vienna.

Electric Motor (AC), 1888. Inventor : Nikola Tesla (U.S.) (1856-1943).

Electromagnet, 1824. Inventor : William Sturgeon (England) (b. 1783); improved by Joseph Henry (U.S.) 1831.

Electromagnetic Induction, 1831. Inventor : Michael Faraday (Great Britain); discovered previously, but not published, by Joseph Henry (United States).

Electronic Computer, 1942. Inventor : J.G. Brainerd, J.P. Eckert, J.W. Mauchly (U.S.). ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Circulator), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Elevator, 1852. Inventor : Elisha G. Otis (U.S.) (1811-61). Earliest elevator at Yonkers, N.Y.

Film (musical), 1923. Inventor : Dr. Lee de Forest (U.S.) New York demonstration (March 13).

Film (talking), 1926. Inventor : Warner Bros. (U.S.). First release Don Juan, Warner Theatre, New York (August 5).

Fluroine, 1886. Discoverer : Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan (France).

Food Frozen, 1923. Inventor : Birdseyes (USA).

Fountain Pen, 1884. Inventor : Lewis E. Waterman (U.S.) (1837-1901). Patented by D. Hyde (U.S.), 1830, undeveloped.

Gas Lighting, 1792. Inventor : William Murdock (Scotland), (1754-1839). Private house in Cornwall, 1792; Factory, Birmingham, 1798; London Street, 1807.

Generator, 1860. Inventor : Piciontti (Italian). Continuous current: improved by Gramme (Belgium). 1870.

Glass (stained), c. 1080. Inventor : Augsberg (Germany). Earliest English, c. 1170, York Minister.

Glassware, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Egypt and Mesopotamia (Today’s Iraq). Glass blowing, Syria, c. 50 BC.

Glider, 1853. Inventor : Sir George Cayley (England) (1773-1857). Near Brompton Hall, Yorkshire, England. Passenger possibly John Appleby.

Gramophone, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Edison (USA).

Gyro-Compass, 1911. Inventor : Elmer A. Sperry (U.S.) (1860-1930). Tested on USS Delaware (August 28). Gyroscope devised 1882 by Foucault (France).

Helicopter, 1930. Inventor : d’ Ascanio (Italy). Co-axial machine. Earliest drawing of principle, Le Mans Museum, France, c. 1460. First serviceable machine by Igor Sikorsky (U.S.). 1939.

Helium, 1868. Discoverer : Sir William Ramsay (Great Britain).

Hovercraft, 1955. Inventor : C.S. Cockerell (England). Patented December 12. Earliest air-cushion vehicle patent was in 1877 by J.I. Thornycroft (1843-1921) (England). First ‘light’ Saunders Roe SRNI at. Cowes, England, (May 30, 1959).

Iron Working, c. 1000 BC. Inventor : Hallstatt, Austria. Introduced into Britain c. 550 BC.

Jet Engine, 1937. Inventor : Sir Frank Whittle (England) (b. 1906). First tested run in 1937. Principles announced by Merconnet (France) 1909 and Maxime Guillaume (France) 1921. First flight August 27, 1939 by Heinkel He.

Laser, 1960. Inventor : Dr. Charles H. Townes (U.S.). First demonstration by Theodore Maiman (U.S.). (Abbreviation for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation).

Lathe, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Greeks for wood-working. Possibly developed from potter’s wheel. Earliest screw cutting lathe by Henry Maudsly (England) (1771-1831).

Launderette, 1934. Inventor : J.F. Cantrell (U.S.), Fort Worth, Texas, April 18.

Laws of Gravitation and Motion, 1687. Discovered : Isaac Newton (England).

Lightning Conductor, 1752. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (U.S.) (1706-90), Philadelphia.

Linoleum, 1860. Inventor : Frederick Walton (England).

Locomotive, 1804. Inventor : Richard Trevithick (England) (1771-1833). Penydarren, Wales, 9 Miles (February 21).

Loom (power), 1785. Inventor : Edmund Cartwright (England) (1743-1823).

Loudspeaker, 1924. Inventor : Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg (U.S.).

Machine Gun, 1861. Inventor : Richard Gaffing (U.S.) (1818-1903).

Maps, c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Sumerians (clay tablets). Earliest world map by Eratosthenes c. 220 BC.

Margarine, 1863. Inventor : Hippolyte Mege-Mouries (France). Initially, made of beef suet, warm milk and sheep stomach lining.

Match (Safety), 1855. Inventor : J.E. Lundstrom (Sweden). Amorphous phosphorus disc, 1845, Anton von Schrotter.

Microphone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). Name coined 1878 by David Hughes.
 
Microscope, 1590. Inventor : Zacharis Janssen (Netherlands). Compound convex-concave lens.

Microscope (Electron), 1939. Inventor : Vladimir Kosme Sworykin (Russia, later U.S) (b. 1889), et al. Demonstrated Camden, New Jersey, 1940.

Molecular Hypothesis, 1811. Inventor : Amadeo Avogadro (Italy).

Motorcycle, 1848. Inventor : Edward Butler (England). First exhibited 1885 by Daimler, earliest factory in Munich 1893.

Motor Scooter, 1919. Inventor : Greville Bradshaw (England).

Neon Lamp, 1915. Inventor : Georges Claude (France) (1871-1960). First installation in U.S. Cosmopolitan Theatre, July 1923.

Night Club, 1843. Inventor : Paris, France. First was Le Bai des Anglais, Paris.

Nineteenth Laws of Planetary Motion, 1609. Inventor : Johannes Kepler (Germany).

Nylon, 1937. Inventor : Dr. Wallace H. Carothers (U.S.) (1896-1937) at Du Pont Labs, Seaford Delaware, U.S. First stockings made about 1937. Bristle production, February 25, 1938. Yarn production, December 1939.

Oxygen, 1775. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).

Ozone, 1839. Discoverer : Christian Schonbein (Germany).

Paper, c. 150. Invented in China. Introduced to West via Yarkand, c. 750.

Parachute, 1797. Inventor : Andre Jacques Garnerin (France) (1769-1823). First descent from 2,230 ft over Paris. Earliest jump from aircraft March 1, 1912 by Capt A. Berry (U.S.) over St. Louis, Missouri.

Parchment, c. 1300 BC. Inventor : Egypt. Modern name from Pergamam, Asia Minor, c. 250 BC.

Parking Meter, 1935. Inventor : Corlton C. Magee (U.S.). Oklahoma City (July 16).

Phonograph, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). Head cranked cylinder at Menlo Park. J. J. Patent, February 19. First described on April 30, 1877, by Charles Cross (France) (1842-88).

Phosphorus, 1669. Discoverer : Hennig Brand (Germany).

Photography (on metal), 1826. Inventor : Joseph Nicéphore Niepce (France) (1765-1833). Sensitised pewter plate, 8 hrs exposure at Chalon-sur-Saone, France.

Photography (on paper), 1835. Inventor : W. H. Fox Talbot (England) (1807-77). Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, England.

Photography (on film), 1888. Inventor : John Carbutt (U.S.). Kodak by George Eastman (U.S.) (1854-1932), August 1888.

Piano, 1709. Inventor : Cristofori (Italy).

Porcelain, c. 700. Inventor : China. Reached Baghdad, c. 800.

Potter’s Wheel, c. 6500 BC. Inventor : Asia Minor. Used in Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 3000 BC.

Pneumatic Tyre. See bicycle tyres (look alphabetically above).

Printing Press, c. 1455. Inventor : Johannes Gutenberg (Germany) (c. 1400-68). Hand printing known in India in 868.

Printing (Rotary), 1846. Inventor : Richard Hoe (U.S.) (1812-86). Philadelphia public ledger rotary printed, 1847.

Propeller (ship), 1827. Inventor : Francis Smith (England) (1808-74).

Proton, 1919. Discoverer : Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand).

Pyramid, c. 2685 BC. Inventor : Egyptians . Earliest was Zoser step pyramid, Saqqara.

Radar, 1922. Inventors : Dr. Allbert H. Taylor and Leo C. Young (U.S.). Radio reflection effect noted. First harnessed in 1935 by Sir Robert Watson-Watt (England) (b. 1892).

Radioactivity, 1896. Inventor : Antoine Bacqucrel (France).

Radio Telegraphy (over 1 km), 1895. Inventor : Lord Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand) (1871-1937). At Cambridge, England.

Radio Telegraphy (Trans-Atlantic), 1901. Inventor : Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) (18741937). From Poldhu, Cornwall to St. Holn’s, New Zealand (December 12). Earliest broadcast of speech by Prof. Reginald Fessenden (U.S.) (1868-1932) in Brant Rock, Massachusetts, December 24, 1906.

Rayon, 1883. Inventor : Sir Joseph Swann (England) (1828-1917). Production at Courtauld’s Ltd., Coventry, England, November 1905. Name “Rayon” adopted in 1924.

Razor (Safety), 1895. Inventor : King C. Gillette (U.S.). First throw-away blades. Earliest fixed safety razor by Kampfe.

Razor (Electric), 1931. Inventor : Col. Jacob Schick (U.S.). First manufactured Stanford, Connecticut; March 18.

Reaper, 1826. Inventor : Henry Ogle (U.S.). First practical machine invented by Robert McCormick in Walnutt Grove, Virginia, in 1831.

Record (long-playing), 1948. Inventor : Dr. Petter Goldmark (U.S.). Developed in the CBS Research Labs.

Refrigerator, 1851. Inventor : James Harrison [Australian (1816-1893)j Bendigo. Australia, Brewery.

Revolver, 1835. Inventor : Samuel Colt (U.S.) (1814-62).

Rocket Engine, 1926. Inventor : Robert H. Goddard (USA), considered as father of modern rocket propulsion.

Rubber (waterproof), 1819. Inventor : Charles Macintosh (Scotland) (1766-1843). First experiments in Glasgow. Rubber introduced into Europe in 1736.

Rubber (vulcanised), 1841. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S.) (1800-60).

Rubber (tyres), 1857. Inventor : Thomas Hancock (England) (1786-1865). Introduced solid rubber tyres for vehicles (1847) (see also bicycle).

Rubber (latex foam), 1928. Inventor : Dunlop Rubber Co. (England). Team led by E.A. Murphy at Fort Dunlop, Birmingham, England.

Safety Pin, 1849. Inventor : William Hunt (U.S.). First manufactured in New York City.

Sewing Machine: Fundamental principle, double-pointed needle invented by Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal (U.S.), 1755. First patent in England by Thomas Saint, 1790. First machine put to factory use invented by Barthelemy Thimonnier (France) (1793-1854), patented in 1830. The eye pointed needle and double-lock stitch invented by Walter Hunt of New York 1832, but never patented. Elias Howe (1819-67) of Spencer, Mass, developed his machine independently (not aware of Hunt’s work), patented in.,1846. Earliest practical domestic machine invented by Isaac M. Singer (1811-75) of Pittstown, New York, 1851.

Ship (sea-going), c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Egyptian ships traversed Eastern Mediterranean sea.

Ship (steam), 1775. Inventor : J.C. Perier (France) (1742-1818). First trail on the Seine river, near Paris, France.

Ship (turbine), 1894. Inventor : Hon. Sir Charles Parsons (England) (1854-1931). S.S. Turbinia attained 34.5 knots on first trial.

Silicones, 1904. Inventor : Prof. F.S. Kipping (England).

Silk Manufacture, c. 50 BC. Inventor : Reeling machines devised, China. Silk mills in Italy, c. 1250, world’s earliest factories of any kind.

Skyscraper, 1882. Inventor : William Le Baron Jenney (U.S.). Home Insurance Co. Building, Chicago, Illinois, 10-storey (top 4 steel beams).

Slide Rule, 1621. Inventor : William Oughtred (England) (1575-1660). Earliest slide between fixed stock by Robert Bissaker, 1654.

Spectacles (or eyeglasses), c. 1286. Inventor : Venice, Italy (convex). Concave lens myopia not developed till c. 1450.

Spinning Frame, 1769. Inventor : Sir Richard Arkwright (England) (1732-92).

Spinning Jenny, 1764. Inventor : James Hargreaves (England) (d. 1778).

Spinning Mule, 1779. Inventor : Samuel Crompton (England) (c. 1753-1827).

Steam Engine, 1698. Inventor : Thomas Savery (England) (c. 1650-1715).

Steam Engine (piston), 1712. Inventor : Thomas Newcomen (England) (1663-1729).

Steam Engine (condenser), 1765. Inventor : James Watt (Scotland) (1736-1819).

Stirrups (metal), c. 550. Inventor : Ancient Avars. Possibly originated in the eastern steppes of Asia.

Steel Production, 1885. Inventor : Henry Bessemer (The Steel Man) (England) (1813-98). At St. Pancreas, London. Cementation of wrought iron bars by charcoal contact known to Chalybes people of Asia Minor, c. 1440 BC.

Steel (rustless or stainless), 1913. Inventor : Harry Brearley (England). First cast at Sheffield, England (August 20). Knapp patent, October 1912 for chromium carbon steel; failed to recognise corrosion resistance.

Stethoscope, Inventor : Dr. William Stokes (England) (1804-78).

Streetcar (railed), 1550. Inventor : Rail mining tracks, Lieberthal in Alsace region of France.

Streetcar (electric), 1879. Inventor : Ernst Werner von Siemens (Germany) (1813-92). Earliest permanent self-propelled public streetcar at Lichterfelde in Berlin, Germany, 1881. Demonstration at Berlin trade exhibition over 300 yards, May 31,1879.

Submarine, 1776. Inventor : David Bushnell of Saybrook, Connecticut (U.S.).

Synthesizer, 1964. Inventor : Dr. Robert Arthur Moog (USA).

Tank (military), 1914. Inventor : Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton (England) (1868-1951). Built at Leicester, England. Tested in September 1915.

Telegraph, 1837. Inventors : Sir William Cook (1806-79), Sir Charles Wheatstone (England) (1802-75). Demonstrated on 25th July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London.

Telegraph Code, 1837. Inventor: Samuel F.B. Morse (U.S.) (1791-1872). The real credit belonged largely to his assistant, Alfred Vail (U.S.).

Telephone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). First exchange at Boston, Massachusetts, 1878.

Telescope (1st refracting), 1608. Inventor : Hans Lippershey (German-Dutch lensmaker). Demonstrated his invention called ‘kijker’ (meaning ‘looker’ in Dutch) before Dutch parliament on 2nd October 1608.

Time Recorder, 1890. Inventor : Harlow Bundy (USA).

Tractor (1st gasoline/petrol powered engine), 1892. Inventor : John Froelich (U.S.). Completed in Iowa (September 6 1892).

Tractor (Caterpillar), 1900. Inventor: Benjamin Holt (U.S.).

Transformer (induction coil), 1842. Inventor : William Stanley, Jr. (U.S.).

Transistor, 1948. Inventors : John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain (U.S). Researched at Bell Telephone Laboratories. First application for a patent was by Dr Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in Canada in October 1925.

True Nature of Combustion, 1789. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).

Tungsten, 1783. Inventors : Juan José Elhuyar Lubize and Fausto de Elhuyar (both brothers) jointly discovered Tungsten (Spain).

Typewriter, 1864. Inventor : Peter Mitterhofer (1822-1893) (Austria). First practical patent by Christopher Soles (U.S.) (1868).

Uranium, 1841. Discoverer : Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817) (Germany).

Vaccination, 1796. Inventor : Dr. Edward Jenner (England).

Variable Wing, 1956. Inventor : Sir Barnes Neville Wallis (England). First military application in U.S. F-111 Jet Fighter, 1964.

Vitamin A, 1913. Discoverers : Elmer V. McCollum and M. Davis (USA).

Vitamin B, 1916. Discoverer : Elmer V. McCollum (USA).

Vitamin C, 1920. Discoverers : Albert Szent-Györgyi and Charles Glen King (USA).

Vitamin D, 1920. Discoverer : Sir Edward Mellanby (USA). He also studied role of Vitamin D in preventing Rickets in 1919.

Vitamin E, 1922. Discoverer : Sir Herbert McLean Evans (USA).

Vitamin K, 1929. Discoverers : Henrik Dam (Denmark) and Edward Adelbert Doisy (USA).

Washing Machine (electric), 1907 (date not exact, estimated). Inventor : Controversial and exact inventor is unknown. However, Hurley Machine Company of Chicago (U.S) produced first model of electric washer called “Thor” based on design by Alva J. Fisher, (1910).

Watch (self-winding), 1791. Inventor : Abraham-Louis Breguet (France). Rocker Pedometer action.

Welder (electric welding), 1877. Inventor : Elisha Thompson (U.S.) (1853-1937).

Wheel, c. 3800-3600 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Spokes as opposed to solid wheels introduced c. 1900 BC.

Windmill, c. 600 AD. Inventor : Persian corn grinding, oldest known port mill, 1191, Bury St. Edmunds, England.

Writing, c. 3400 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Earliest evidence found at Warka in Iraq.

Xerography, 1938. Inventor : Chester Floyd Carlson (U.S). First photocopier machine marketed in U.S. in 1950.

X-ray, 1895. Inventor : Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Germany). University of Wurzburg (November 8).

Zeppelin, (Rigid Airship) 1899. Inventor : Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany).

Zero (in number system), c. 600. Inventor : Anonymous (India). (Absolute zero temperature; cessation of all molecular energy, 1848, William Thompson and Lord Kelvin, England).
Ziggurats, c. 2000 BC. Inventors : Sumerians. Earliest staged towers at Ur in Iraq.

Zip Fastener, 1893. Inventor : Whitcomb L. Judson (U.S.). First practical fastener or modern zipper invented in U.S. by Gideon Sundback (Sweden) in 1913.

Scientific Names of Common Animals

Ant	Hymenopetrous formicidae
Ass	Equs Asinus
Bat	Chiroptera
Bear	Ursidae Carnivora
Camel	Camelus Camelidae
Cat	Felis Catus
Cheetah	Acinonyx Jubatus
Chimpanzee	Pan Troglodytes
Cobra	Elapidae Naja
Crocodile	Crocodilia Niloticus
Deer	Artiodactyl Cervidae
Dog	Cannis Familiaris
Dolphin	Delphinidae Delphis
Elephant	Proboscidea Elephantidae
Fox	Cannis Vulpes
Frog	Anura Ranidae
Giraffe	Giraffa Camalopardalis
Goat	Capra Hircus
Hippopotamus	Hippopotamus Amphibius
Horse	Eqqus Caballus
Hyena	Hyaenidae Carnivora
Kangaroo	Macropus Macropodidae
Panther	Panthera Pardus
Lion	Panthera Leo
Lizard	Sauria Lacertidae
Mouse	Rodentia Muridae
Panda	Alurpoda Melanoleuca
Cat	Felis Catus
Pig	Artiodactyla Suidae
Chameleon	Chamaele Ontidate
Porcupine	Hystricomorph Hystricidae
Rabbit	Leporidae Cuniculas
Rhinoceros	Perrissodanctyl Rthinocerotidae
Scorpion	Archinida Scorpionida
Sheep	Bovidae Ovis
Tiger	Panthera Tigris
Horse	Eqqus Caballus
Zebra	Equidae Burcheli

Scientific Names of Common Indian Trees and Plants

Erythrina Indica	Indian Coral Tree
Cassia Fistula Linn	Indian Labernum
Peltophorum pterocarpum Becker	Copper Pod
Azadirachata indica	Neem Tree
Anthocephalus indicus	Kadamb
Jacaranda mimosaefolia	Jacaranda (Nili Gulmohar)
Delonix regia Rafin	Royal poinciana/Peacock Flower (Gulmohar)
Bauhinia purpurea	Mountain Ebony/Purple orchid tree (Kachnar)
Acacia catechu	Black catechu
Acacia arabica	Black catechu (Babhul)
Artocarpus integra	Jack fruit
Butea monosperma Kuntze	Flame of the forest (Palash)
Ficus religiosa Linn.	Peepal
Tectona grandis Linn.	Teak
Grevillea robusta	Silver Oak
Moringa oleifera	Horse Radish/Drumstick tree
Ficus benghalensis	Banyan
Mangifera indica	Mango Tree
Tamarindus indica	Tamarind tree
Punica granatum	Pomegranate
Psidium guajava	Guava
Ananas comosus	Pineapple
Emblica officinalis	Indian Gooseberry (Amla)
Achras sapota	Chiku
Annona squamosa	Custard Apple (Sitaphal)
Carica papaya	Papaya
Bambusa dendrocalmus	Bamboo
Ocimum tenuiflorum	Basil (Tulsi)

The Most Common Elements In The Human Body

Elements are composed of chemical substances which are distinguished by their atomic number. In total there are 117 elements out of which 94 occur naturally on Earth. Human body is made up of different chemical elements. These elements are needed for several chemical reactions in the body to produce energy. There are several metabolisms which require these elements in different organs of human body.

No.	Elements	Average Weight (Grams)	Average Weight (Oz)
1.	Oxygen	45,500	1,608
2.	Carbon	12,600	445
3.	Hydrogen	7,000	247
4.	Nitrogen	2,100	74
5.	Calcium	1,050	37
6.	Phosphorus	700	25
7.	Sulphur	175	6
8.	Potassium	140	5
9.	Chlorine	105	4
10.	Sodium	105	4

Top Ten Largest Or Heaviest Stars Or Planets In The Solar System

	Sun is the largest body of mass in the solar system. Its diameter is 1,392,140 kilometers (865,036 in miles). It is visible with naked eye. It is also the major source of energy in the solar system.
	Jupiter is the secong largest body of mass in the solar system. Its diameter is 142,894 kilometers (or 88,846 miles). It is also visible with naked eye.
	Saturn is the third largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 120,536 kilometers (or 74,898 miles). It has beautiful rings around it.
	Uranus is the fourth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 51,118 kilometers (or 31,763 miles). It looks greenish blue.
	Neptune is the fifth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 49,532 kilometers (or 30,778 miles). It looks blue so it is called blue planet of solar system.
	Earth is the sixth heaviest planet of the solar system with 12,756 kilometer (or 7,926 miles)  diameter. It is the most beautiful or versatile planet of the solar system.  The presence of humanity is the proof of life on the earth.
	Venus is the seventh largest or heaviest body in the solar system after the earth. Its diameter is 12,103 kilometers (or 7,520 iles). It is the second closest planet to the sun. It is often called morning star.
	Mars is the eighth largest or heaviest body or planet  in the solar system. Its diameter is 6,794 kilometers (or 4,222 miles). It looks red that is why known as “The Red Planet”.
	Ganymede is the ninth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 5,269 kilometers (or 3,274 miles).
	Titan is the tenth largest or heaviest body in the solar system. Its diameter is 5,150 kilometers (or 3,200 miles).

Longest Or Largest Human Body Bones

	Femur is the largest and longest bone in human body. It forms the upper part of human leg. Its average length in adult male is 50.50 centimeter. This bone is also found in mammals, reptiles and vertebrates i.e frog, lizards, amphibians etc. Femur is Latin word which means thigh hence it is also known as thigh bone.
	Tibia is the second largest bone in the human body and no doubt the strongest bone of human body because it bears the body weight of person. It forms the inner-lower part of human leg. The average length of tibia is 43.03 CM. Tibia is Latin word which means an ancient type of musical instrument. Shin bone and shank bone are other names of Tibia.
	Fibula (also known as Calf Bone) is located in the outer-lower part of human leg. Fibula is the third largest bone in the human body. Fibula along with Tibia forms the lower part of human leg as it is located on the lateral side of Tibia. It is relatively weak and thin as compared with Tibia. The average length of tibia is 40.50 CM.
	Humerus bone connects shoulder with elbow in human arm. It is a long bone which consists of three parts i.e. upper extremity of Humerus, body of Humerus and lower extremity of Humerus. Humerus forms the upper part of human arm and many important muscles are attached with it. The average length of tibia is 36.46 CM.
	Ulna forms the inner-lower part of human arm. This fore-arm bone along with radius completes the lower part of human arm. Its average length in 28.20 Cm. In simple words it connects elbow with hand. It is a long and narrow bone with many muscles attached with it.
	Radius is a long bone which forms the outer-lower part of human arm. It is on the lateral side of Ulna and its length is 26.42 cm. Radius is also found in some four-leg animals as lower part of forelimb. Like Ulna it connects hand with elbow.
	7th rib is part of the 24 ribs found in a human body. The average length of 7th rib is 24.00 CM. Ribs are basically found in Vertebrates and they support the upper body of vertebrates.
	8th rib: These long and curved bones are considered as the basic structural part of human body. 8th rib is the part of 12 pairs of ribs in human body. The average length of 8th rib is 23.00 CM.
	Innominate bone is also called hipbone or half pelvis. It is the 9th largest bone in human body. Its average length is 18.50 Cm. Innominate bone is either of the two bones that form the sides of the pelvis, consisting of three fused components, the ilium, ischium, and pubis Nontechnical name hipbone.
	Sternum is the tenth largest bone in human body and its average length is 17.00 Cm. It is also called breastbone and it is found in both males and females with the same length. Sternum is a long, flat bone located in the center of the chest, serving as a support for the collarbone and ribs.

Human Body Organs

There are almost 78 organs in a human body which vary according to their sizes, functions or actions. An organ is a collection of millions of cells which group together to perform single function in a human body. The cells in these body organs are highly specialized and formed for all the necessary actions for some specific time. Out of these 78 organs of a male or female body, skin is the largest or biggest organ with respect to its size and weight. The mojor or prerequisite human organ is the brain which handles all the functions and actions of a human body. Other top ten  or 10 human body organs are given in the following list with names and functions.

	Skin is the largest or biggest human body organ. The average weight of skin in human body is about 10,886 grams which varies according to the size and weight of human being. Human skin is made up of different ectodermal tissues and it protects all the inner body organs like liver, glands, stomach, heart etc. Other functions are heat regulation, interaction with atmosphere, protection from diseases, absorption and sensation.
	Liver is the second largest organ of male or female human body. Its average weight in a normal human body is 1,560 gms. The liver recieves blood full of digested food from the gut. It stores some foods and delivers the rest to the other cells through blood. The other function of liver is to change the left material into harmless waste called urine.
	Brain is the third largest and major organ of human body. Its average weight in a normal human body is 1,263 gms. The brain controls the actions of all the body parts. There are about 100 billion cells in human brain which make about 100 trillion nerve connections with nerve cells for messaging. Medulla oblongata, Midbrain, Hind brain, Cerebellum, Spinal cord and Venticle are some of the major parts of a human brain.
	Lungs is the fourth biggest organ of human beings body. The average total weight of the right and left lung in a normal human body is about 1,090 gms. The major function of lungs is to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide out of the red blood cells. The lungs can hold a total of upto 5 litres of air. The adult lungs have an internal area of over 90 meters, that is about half the area of a tennis court.
	Heart is the fifth largest human body organ which is prerequisite for a living human being. The major function of the heart is to pump the blood to every part of the body to deliver the energy to every body cell. In males the average weight of heart is 315 gm while in females this weight is about 265 gms. Ventricles, atrium and aorta are some of the main parts of a human heart.
	Kidneys is the sixth largest organ in every human body. There are two kidneys in every human being and the average weight of both the kidneys is about 290 grams. The major function of a kidney is to separate the waste amterial by filtering the blood. Both these kidneys filter our blood 50 times a day. If one kidney stops working the other will enlarge and do the work of two.
	Spleen is 170 grams heavy and it is the seventh largest or heaviest organ of the human body. It forms the red blood cells pulp and white blood cells pulp. Therefore it is helpful in making the blood and increasing the immunity of the human being.
	Pancreas is the eighth largest human organ with an average weight of 98 grams in human body. It is one of the most important gland which produces several hormones including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. The pancreas is a dual-function gland, having features of both endocrine and exocrine glands.
	Thyroid is the ninth biggest one in human organs system. The average weight of thyroid gland in human body is 35 grams. It is the largest gland in the human body. The function of this gland is to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones.
	Prostate is the tenth largest human organ gland with a weight of 20 grams.