Satellite
|
Launch
Date
|
Launch
Vehicle
|
Type of
Satellite
|
RISAT-1 |
26.04.2012
|
PSLV-C19
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
Jugnu |
12.10.2011
|
PSLV-C18
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
SRMSat |
12.10.2011
|
PSLV-C18
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
Megha-Tropiques |
12.10.2011
|
PSLV-C18
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
GSAT-12 |
15.07.2011
|
PSLV-C17
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
GSAT-8 |
21.05.2011
|
Ariane-5
VA-202 |
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
RESOURCESAT-2 |
20.04.2011
|
PSLV-C16
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
YOUTHSAT |
20.04.2011
|
PSLV-C16
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
GSAT-5P |
25.12.2010
|
GSLV-F06
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
STUDSAT |
12.07.2010
|
PSLV-C15
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
CARTOSAT-2B |
12.07.2010
|
PSLV-C15
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
GSAT-4 |
15.04.2010
|
GSLV-D3
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Oceansat-2 |
23.09.2009
|
PSLV-C14
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
ANUSAT |
20.04.2009
|
PSLV-C12
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
RISAT-2 | 20.04.2009 |
PSLV-C12
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
Chandrayaan-1 |
22.10.2008
|
PSLV-C11
|
Space Mission |
CARTOSAT - 2A |
28.04.2008
|
PSLV-C9
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
IMS-1 |
28.04.2008
|
PSLV-C9
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-4B |
12.03.2007
|
Ariane-5ECA
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
CARTOSAT - 2 |
10.01.2007
|
PSLV-C7
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
SRE - 1 |
10.01.2007
|
PSLV-C7
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
INSAT-4CR |
02.09.2007
|
GSLV-F04
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-4C |
10.07.2006
|
GSLV-F02
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-4A |
22.12.2005
|
Ariane-5GS
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
HAMSAT |
05.05.2005
|
PSLV-C6
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
CARTOSAT-1 |
05.05.2005
|
PSLV-C6
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
EDUSAT (GSAT-3) |
20.09.2004
|
GSLV-F01
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Resourcesat-1(IRS-P6) |
17.10.2003
|
PSLV-C5
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-3A |
10.04.2003
|
Ariane-5G
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-3E |
28.09.2003
|
Ariane-5G
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
GSAT-2 |
08.05.2003
|
GSLV-D2
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
KALPANA-1(METSAT) |
12.09.2002
|
PSLV-C4
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-3C |
24.01.2002
|
Ariane-42L H10-3
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) |
22.10.2001
|
PSLV-C3
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
GSAT-1 |
18.04.2001
|
GSLV-D1
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-3B |
22.03.2000
|
Ariane-5G
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Oceansat(IRS-P4) |
26.05.1999
|
PSLV-C2
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-2E |
03.04.1999
|
Ariane-42P H10-3
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-2DT |
January 1998
|
Ariane-44L H10
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
IRS-1D |
29.09.1997
|
PSLV-C1
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-2D |
04.06.1997
|
Ariane-44L H10-3
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
IRS-P3 |
21.03.1996
|
PSLV-D3
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
IRS-1C |
28.12.1995
|
Molniya
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-2C |
07.12.1995
|
Ariane-44L H10-3
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
IRS-P2 |
15.10.1994
|
PSLV-D2
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2) |
04.05.1994
|
ASLV
|
Space Mission |
IRS-1E |
20.09.1993
|
PSLV-D1
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-2B |
23.07.1993
|
Ariane-44L H10+
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-2A |
10.07.1992
|
Ariane-44L H10
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C) |
20.05.1992
|
ASLV
|
Space Mission |
IRS-1B |
29.08.1991
|
Vostok
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-1D |
12.06.1990
|
Delta 4925
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
INSAT-1C |
21.07.1988
|
Ariane-3
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Stretched Rohini Satellite
Series (SROSS-2) |
13.07.1988
|
ASLV
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
IRS-1A |
17.03.1988
|
Vostok
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
Stretched Rohini Satellite
Series
(SROSS-1) |
24.03.1987
|
ASLV
|
Space Mission |
INSAT-1B |
30.08.1983
|
Shuttle [PAM-D]
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Rohini (RS-D2) |
17.04.1983
|
SLV-3
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
INSAT-1A |
10.04.1982
|
Delta 3910 PAM-D
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Bhaskara-II |
20.11.1981
|
C-1 Intercosmos
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE) |
19.06.1981
|
Ariane-1(V-3)
|
Geo-Stationary Satellite |
Rohini (RS-D1) |
31.05.1981
|
SLV-3
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
Rohini (RS-1) |
18.07.1980
|
SLV-3
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
Rohini Technology Payload (RTP) |
10.08.1979
|
SLV-3
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
Bhaskara-I |
07.06.1979
|
C-1 Intercosmos
|
Earth Observation Satellite |
Aryabhata |
19.04.1975
|
C-1 Intercosmos
|
Experimental / Small Satellite |
Thursday, April 26, 2012
LIST OF ISRO SATELLITES
Wednesday, April 18, 2012
Indian States And Their Folk Dances
Jharkhand | Chhau, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin, Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai. |
Uttarakhand | Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli |
Andhra Pradesh | Kuchipudi (Classical), Ghantamardala, Ottam Thedal, Mohiniattam, Kummi, Siddhi Madhuri, Chhadi. |
Chhattisgarh | Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, Mundari. |
Arunachal Pradesh | Mask dance, War dance etc. |
Himachal Pradesh | Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi, Chamba, Thali, Jhainta, Daf, Stick dance etc. |
Goa | Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni, etc. |
Assam | Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal Tabal Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai etc. |
West Bengal | Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan, etc. |
Kerala | Kathakali (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc. |
Meghalaya | Laho, Baagla, etc. |
Manipur | Manipuri (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat, etc. |
Nagaland | Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim, etc. |
Orissa | Odissi (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc. |
Maharashtra | Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni, Powara, Gouricha etc. |
Karnataka | Yakshagan, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga, Lambi etc. |
Gujarat | Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai, etc. |
Punjab | Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman etc. |
Rajasthan | Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal, Panihari, Ginad etc. |
Mizoram | Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan etc. |
Jammu & Kashmir | Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach, Damali. |
Tamil Nadu | Bharatnatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi |
Uttar Pradesh | Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita. |
Bihar | Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa, Bidesia, Jatra, etc. |
Haryana | Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor etc. |
Wildlife Sanctuaries And National Parks In India
Name | Location | Important Species |
Bandipur National Park | Mysore, Karnataka | Elephant, Tiger, Bear, Sambhar, Panther |
Balpakram Sanctuary | Garo Hills, Meghalya | Tiger, Elephant, Bison |
Chandraprabha Sanctuary | Varanasi, UP | Asiatic Lion, Tiger, Panther, Indian Gazelle, Sloth bear |
Corbett National Park | Nainital, Uttarakhand | Elephant, Tiger, Sloth bear, Nilgai, Panther, Sambhar |
Dachigam Sanctuary | Jammu & Kashmir | Kashmir stag (Hangul) |
Dudhwa National Park | Lakhimpur Kheri, UP | Tiger, Panther, Sambhar, Nilgai |
Ghana Bird Sanctuary | Bharatpur, Rajasthan | Siberian Crane, Spoonbill, Heron teal, Stork |
Gir National Park | Junagarh, Gujarat | Asiatic Lion, Panther,Sambhar, Nilgai, Crocodile, Rhinoceros |
Hazaribagh National Park | Hazaribagh, Jharkhand | Tiger, Leopard, Sambher, Chital |
Jaldapara Sanctuary | West Bengal | Tiger, Leopard, Sambher, Chital |
Kanha National Park | Mandla and Balaghat, MP | Tiger, Panther, Antelope, Barking Deer, Nilgai |
Kaziranga National Park | Jorhat, Assam | Great Indian one horned Rhinoceros, Wild Buffalo, Sambhar, Tiger |
Manas | Barpeta, Assam | Tiger, Elephant, Panther, Wild Buffalo, One horned Rhinoceros |
Mudumalai Sanctuary | Nilgiri Hills, TN | Elephant, Dear, Pigs |
Namdapha National Park | Tirap Distt., AP | Tiger and Elephant |
Palamau | Daltonganj, Jharkhand | Tiger, Elephant, Panther, Leopard |
Parkal | Warangal, AP | Tiger, Panther, Chital, Nilgai |
Periyar | Idukki, Kerala | Elephant, Tiger, Panther, Wild board, Gaur, Sambhar |
Ranganthitoo Bird Sanctuary | Karnataka | Birds |
Shivpuri National Park | Shivpuri, MP | Tiger, Birds |
Sunderbans | West Bengal | Tiger, Wild board, Crocodile, Deer Birds |
Vedanathangal Bird Sanctury | Tamil Nadu | Birds |
Wild Ass Sanctuary | Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat | Wild Ass, Wolf, Nilgai, Chinkara |
Oceans of the World
Oceans by Size
Pacific Ocean | (35,827 ft) (10, 924 metres) |
Atlantic Ocean | (30,246 ft) (9,219 metres) |
Indian Ocean | (24,460 ft) (7,455 metres) |
Caribbean Sea | (22,788 ft) (6,946 metres) |
Arctic Ocean | (18,456 ft) (5,625 metres) |
South China Sea | (16,456 ft) (5,016 metres) |
Bering Sea | (15,659 ft) (4,773 metres) |
Mediterranean Sea | (15,197 ft) (4,632 metres) |
Gulf of Mexico | (12,425 ft) (3,787 metres) |
Japan Sea | (12,276 ft) (3,742 metres) |
Oceans’ Greatest Depths
Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean | 10,911 mt (Challenger Deep) |
Tonga Trench, Pacific Ocean, | 10,882 mt (VITYAZ 11) |
Phillippine Trench, Pacific Ocean, | 10,540 mt (Galathea Depth) |
Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, Pacific Ocean, | 10,500 mt |
Kermadec Trench, Pacific Ocean | 10,047 mt |
Japan Trench, Pacific Ocean | 9,000 mt |
Puerto Rico Trench, Atlantic Ocean | 8,6057 (Milwaukee Deep) |
Yap Trench, Pacific Ocean, | 8,527 mt |
South Sandwich Trench, Atlantic Ocean, | 8,428 mt |
Peru-Chile Trench, Pacific Ocean, | 8,065 mt |
Tuesday, April 17, 2012
World Amazing Facts
● World population in 2011 – 7000 million
● World population under 30 in 2011 – 3,649 million
● World population over 60 in 2011 – 785 million
● World population over 100 in 2011 – 532,000
● Number of births worldwide every day – 378,000
● Number of deaths worldwide everyday – 162,000
● World economic growth rate in 2010 – 5.0% (-0.6% in 2009)
● Number of illiterate adults – 796 million
● Number of unemployed people – 205 million
● Average world life expectancy – 70.8 years for females; 66.4 years for males
● Annual world population increase – 79.33 million people
● Number of people living outside country of birth – 214 million, or more than 3% of the world’s population
● Fertility rate – 2.5 births per woman
● Urban population – 50.5% of total population
● World trade in 2009 – US $ 25.2 billion
● Annual world defence expenditure – US $ 1,630 billion
● Number of TV sets – 1.4 billion
● Number of radio receivers – 2.2 billion
● Number of cigarettes smoked – 5,600 billion a year
● Number of internet users – 2.0 billion
● Number of mobile phone users – 4.7 billion
● Number of motor vehicles on the road – 790 million
● Number of people who cross international borders every day – 2 million
● Number of people living in extreme poverty – 1.4 billion
● Number of people living in urban slums – 828 million
● Number of undernourished people – 925 million
● Number of overweight adults – 1.6 billion
● Number of obese adults – 502 million
● Number of people dying of starvation – 24,000 every day
● Number of people lacking clean water – 1.1 billion
● Number of people lacking basic sanitation – 2.6 billion
● Number of recorded executions in 2008 – 2,390
● Number of people worldwide exposed to indoor air pollution that exceeds WHO guidelines – 1 billion
● Annual carbon dioxide emissions – 7.7 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent
● World population under 30 in 2011 – 3,649 million
● World population over 60 in 2011 – 785 million
● World population over 100 in 2011 – 532,000
● Number of births worldwide every day – 378,000
● Number of deaths worldwide everyday – 162,000
● World economic growth rate in 2010 – 5.0% (-0.6% in 2009)
● Number of illiterate adults – 796 million
● Number of unemployed people – 205 million
● Average world life expectancy – 70.8 years for females; 66.4 years for males
● Annual world population increase – 79.33 million people
● Number of people living outside country of birth – 214 million, or more than 3% of the world’s population
● Fertility rate – 2.5 births per woman
● Urban population – 50.5% of total population
● World trade in 2009 – US $ 25.2 billion
● Annual world defence expenditure – US $ 1,630 billion
● Number of TV sets – 1.4 billion
● Number of radio receivers – 2.2 billion
● Number of cigarettes smoked – 5,600 billion a year
● Number of internet users – 2.0 billion
● Number of mobile phone users – 4.7 billion
● Number of motor vehicles on the road – 790 million
● Number of people who cross international borders every day – 2 million
● Number of people living in extreme poverty – 1.4 billion
● Number of people living in urban slums – 828 million
● Number of undernourished people – 925 million
● Number of overweight adults – 1.6 billion
● Number of obese adults – 502 million
● Number of people dying of starvation – 24,000 every day
● Number of people lacking clean water – 1.1 billion
● Number of people lacking basic sanitation – 2.6 billion
● Number of recorded executions in 2008 – 2,390
● Number of people worldwide exposed to indoor air pollution that exceeds WHO guidelines – 1 billion
● Annual carbon dioxide emissions – 7.7 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent
Stock Exchanges In India
S.No. | Name of the Stock Exchange | Headquarters | About the Stock Exchange / Vision | Year of Formation | No. of listings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) | Mumbai, India | Emerges as the premier Indian stock exchange by establishing global benchmarks. | 1875 | 5112 |
2 | National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) | Mumbai, India | It is mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate entities. | 1992 | 1640 |
3 | Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) | Kolkata, India | It is the second largest bourse in India. | 1908 | 3500 |
4 | Madras Stock Exchange | Chennai, India | The MSE is the fourth stock exchange to be established in the country and the first in South India. | 1937 | 1785 |
5 | Inter-connected Stock Exchange Ltd. | Mumbai, India | It is a national-level stock exchange, providing trading, clearing, settlement, risk management and surveillance support to its trading members. | 1998 | 4500 members and listing securities |
6 | United Stock Exchange of India | Mumbai, India | It is the fourth pan India exchange to be launched for trading financial instruments in India over the last 140 years. | 2010 | -- |
7 | OTC Exchange Of India | Mumbai, India | It is the first exchange for small companies. | 1990 | 115 |
8 | MCX Stock Exchange | Mumbai, India | is an India-wide electronic platform for trading in currency futures under the regulatory control of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and Reserve Bank of India (RBI). | 2008 | -- |
9 | Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX) | Mumbai, India | It is an independent commodity exchange based in India. | 2003 | -- |
10 | Bangalore Stock Exchange (BgSE) | Bangalore, India | The stock exchange is managed by a Council of Management, consisting of members appointed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. | 1963 | 595 |
Stock Exchanges In India
S.No. | Name of the Stock Exchange | Headquarters | About the Stock Exchange / Vision | Year of Formation | No. of listings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ahmedabad Stock Exchange | Ahmedabad, India | It is recognized by Securities Contract (Regulations) Act, 1956 as permanent stock exchange. | 1894 | -- |
2 | Bhubaneshwar Stock Exchange | Bhubaneshwar, India | It is one among the 21 odd regional stock exchanges in India. | 1989 | -- |
3 | Vadodara Stock Exchange | Gujarat, India | It is the third largest stock exchange in the state of Gujarat after Ahmedabad and Rajkot. | 1986 | 459 |
4 | Cochin Stock Exchange | Kerala, India | It is a capital stock market in Kochi, Kerala in India. I | 1978 | 350 |
5 | Hyderabad Stock Exchange | Hyderabad, India | It was a stock exchange established in 1941 located in Hyderabad, India. The exchange was disbanded in 2007. | 1941 | -- |
6 | Delhi Stock Exchange (DSE) | New Delhi, India | It is India's fifth exchange. The exchange is one of the premier Stock Exchange in India. | 1947 | 3000 |
7 | Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange (MPSE) | Madhya Pradesh, India | It was granted permanent recognition under the provisions of the Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 (“SCRA”), by the Government of India in 1988. | 1928 | 343 |
8 | Jaipur Stock Exchange (JSE) | Jaipur, Rajasthan | JSE is the third largest exchange in India in terms of membership. | 1989 | 740 |
9 | UP Stock Exchange Limited | UP, India | It plays an important role in the development of the capital market of North India. | 1982 |
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
Udayagiri Khandagiri-Monuments of Ancient India
Udaygiri and Khandagiri two hills near Bhubaneshwar contain unique monuments of ancient India, the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves. These sites are mentioned as the ‘Kumari Parvat’ in the Hathigumpha inscription. The two cave sites are located about 200 meters apart, facing each other. Not as famous as Ajanta and Ellora, but these caves are finely and ornately carved, and were built from huge residential blocks during the reign of King Kharavela, wherein they served as resting places for Jain ascetics on their journey to Nirvana. They command unique position in the field of history, architecture, art and religion. Udayagiri has 18 caves and Khandagiri has 15 caves. Some of the caves are natural but it is believed that most were carved out by Jain monks and they belong to the earliest Jain rock cut temples.
Caves called ‘lena’ in the inscriptions found in the caves have been scooped out, perhaps over endless full moons. The openings are like doorways and light can enter throughout the day and keep the stone floors warm, and moonlight can enter at night and light up the caves. The caves were home to ascetics who renounced the world to experiment with Nirvana, using the flow of energy of bodies and minds. Here they were in unison with nature, in the midst of fragrant flowers, chirping birds, the rustle of leaves, the warm sun and the cool moon. The caves were also places for monks to meditate in peace and quiet and to do austere penance; and for scholars who came here in their quest of truth, peace, eternal salvation and beauty.
The Udayagiri caves are approximately 135 feet high and the Khandagiri caves are 118 feet high, and date back to 2nd century B.C. The caves are reminiscent of Buddhist and Jain influences in Odisha. The hills which are honey-combed with caves, reveal sculptural art centered on the life and times of Jain ascetics. The caves were built by King Kharavela, the King of Kalinga- ancient Odisha (circa 209- after 170 BC) in the first century. Kharavela was subdued by the great Mauryan King Ashoka. Although inclined towards Jainism, Kharavela was liberal regarding religious questions.
Mostly excavated near the top of a ledge or boulder, the cells simply provided dry shelter for meditation and prayer. They have an opening directly into the verandah or courtyard. There are minimal amenities even for small comforts: the height is too low for a person to stand erect, and essentially they were dwelling retreats or just sleeping compartments. Several monks used to stay in one cell. One striking feature of the cell is a raised floor on the opposite side of the opening which might have served the purpose of a pillow to sleep. While the cells are cramped, low scuffed and austerely plain, their facades are encrusted with inscriptions and sculptures depicting various objects. The Archaeological Survey of India numbered the caves and all have individual names based on these objects. Objects include court scenes, birds, animals, royal processions, hunting expeditions and scenes of daily life. The inscriptions which are in Brahmi start with the fundamental mantra of Jainism- the Namokar Mantra. They then depict the life and deeds of King Kharavela, “the worshipper of all religious orders and the repairer of all shrines of Gods”. They also describe the patrons of separate caves. Many people of royal descent were patrons. As Ashoka took over the possessions of Kharavela, the previously favored Jain religion gradually gave way to Buddhism.
Udayagiri
The floor in Udaygiri is laid with leveled blocks of stone. Eighteen caves can be accessed by a flight of steps. Cave 1 is Ranigumpha cave or Queen’s cave, a double storey structure. It is famous for its exceptional acoustic characteristic and is believed to be used for chants and theatre performances. It also has an image of Surya riding a chariot. The right wing of the lower storey has a single cell with three entrances and a pillared verandah. It has been excavated on three sides of a quadrangle with fine wall friezes. It has some beautiful sculptures, including two sentries at the entrance. The pilasters to the entrance have fine wall friezes, animals, toranas (arches) with religious and royal scenes. There is also a couple standing with folded hands, a female dancer with accompanying musicians.
The central wing has four cells. Victory march of a king and his journey are depicted here. There are guard rooms decorated with a spring cascading down a hill, fruit laden trees, wild animals, monkeys, and sporting elephants in a lotus pool. The upper storey has six cells, one each in right and left wing and four in the rear. All four cells have two doorways each with two pilasters. The toranas here have auspicious Jain symbols like snakes and lotuses, King Dushyant’s first meeting with Shakuntala, and dance performances.
Cave 2 is Bajaghar Gumpha with two massive built columns in front and additional inner columns. Cave 3 is known as Chota Hathi Gumpha. There are masterfully carved six vigorous elephants flanking the entrance. Cave 4 is Alakapuri Gumpha- double storeyed, with a sculpture of a lion holding a prey in its mouth, and pairs of winged creatures, people, animals atop the pillars. A bodhi tree has been carved in the central apartment.
Caves 5, 6, 7 and 8 are known as Jaya-Vijaya Gumpha, Panasa Gumpha, Thakurani Gumpha and Patalpuri Gumpha respectively; wherein the 5th and 7th caves are double storey. These are adorned with paintings, carvings of winged animals, etc. Manchapuri and Swargapuri caves are cave 9, a double storeyed cave with several sculptures and inscriptions. There are four votaries with folded hands, dressed in long dhotis, scarves and heavy kundalas (earings). This cave has a crowned figure believed to be that of Chedi King, Vakradeva.
Cave 10, Ganesha Gumpha, has a Chaitya hall, the place of worship for monks, two dwelling cells with low ceilings and a verandah in a famous relief of Ganesha. It also contains a carving with Jain Tirthankara. Jambesvara Gumpha- cave 11 is a small one with two plain door-openings and Vyaghra Gumpha –cave 12 is a low cell with two door opening. Its front is carved in the shape of a tiger’s mouth with a distended upper jaw full of teeth. It forms the roof of the verandah and the gullet forming the entrance. Sarpa Gumpha- cave 13 is an unusually small cave with adornment above the entrance. Here the famous inscription regarding life history of Kharavel is written in the Magadhi language. Other caves include Hathi Gumpha, cave 14, Dhanaghara Gumpha-cave 15, Haridasa Gumpha-cave 16, Jagammath Gumpha- cave 17 and Rosai Gumpha-cave 18.
Khandagiri Caves
The first and second caves are Tatowa Gumpha 1 and 2, richly decorated caves with two guards at the entrance and also two bulls and two lions. Parrots are carved above the entrance arch. Cave 3, Ananta Gumpha contains exquisite sculptures of women, elephants, athletes, and geese carrying flowers. Cave 4 is Tentuli Gumpha.
Cave 5, i. e. Khandagiri Gumpha is a double storey, roughly cut cave. Caves 12,13 and 14 have no names. Caves 6 to 11 have been named as Dhyan Gumpha, Nayamuni Gumpha, Barabhuja Gumpha, Trusula Gumpha, Ambika Gumpha and Lalatendukesri Gumpha. There are reliefs of Jain tirthankars, Mahavira and Parsvanatha on the rear wall of cave 11. Cave 14 is a simple cell and is known as Ekadasi Gumpha.
Friday, March 23, 2012
Silent Valley
"Silent Valley is the best assurance that a forest can speak through human beings.” said the environmentalist Shri. M. K. Prasad. The tourists and visitors to Silent Valley cannot disagree with him because Silent Valley gives an unusual experience of silence while in the midst of nature. It gives one the rarest of the rare experience of being with nature, becoming one with it.
Silent Valley National Park is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad District in Kerala. The park is one of the last undisturbed tracts of South Western Ghats rain forests and tropical moist evergreen forest in India. It is the core of the Nilgiri International Biosphere Reserve and is part of The Western Ghats World Heritage Site.
The area is locally known as "Sairandhrivanam" literally, in Malayalam: Sairandhri's Forest. In local Hindu legend, Sairandhri is Draupadi. The Pandavas during their exile wandered into Kerala and came upon a magical valley where rolling grasslands met wooded ravines, a deep green river bubbled its course through impenetrable forest, where at dawn and twilight the tiger and elephant would drink together at the water's edge, where all was harmonious and man unknown.
Botanist Robert Wight in 1847 made the first English investigation of the watersheds of the Silent Valley area.
The British named the area Silent Valley because of the perceived absence of noisy cicadas. Another story attributes the name to the anglicisation of Sairandhri. A third story, refers to the untouched nature of the valley, i.e., without human noises.
Silent Valley is home to the largest population of Lion-tailed Macaque, an endangered species of Primate.
The Silent Valley National Park is a unique preserve of natural rainforests. It houses a rich mosaic of varied habitats. Out of these springs the amazing variety of life forms some of them endemic to the Western Ghats.
The Kuntipuzha River drains the entire 15 km length of the park from north to south into the Bharathapuzha River. The river is characterized by its crystal clear and perennial nature. The number of tree species computed for the Silent Valley (118 vascular plants of 84 species in 0.4 ha) is very high compared to a range of 60 to 140 species that characterise the other known tropical forests.
The Mudugar and Irula tribal people are indigenous to the area and they live in the adjacent valley of Attappady Reserved Forest. Also, the Kurumbar people occupy the highest range outside the park bordering on the Nilgiris.
The limited studies of the fauna of Silent Valley reveals that its rich resources as rare and unique - rare because many species which originally inhabited the entire belt of the Western Ghats have been lost due to destruction of their habitat by human beings or for other reasons. These faunal resources however are still available in Silent Valley, because of the relatively little human intrusion. It is unique because what little has been collected and studied has already proved to be of immense scientific interest from the taxonomic, zoogeographic and ecological points of view.
A number of species, which were available in the Western Ghats 50 to 100 years ago still exist in Silent Valley. They include insects, fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
Upto 1970 it was an unknown forest area, unexplored and untouched.
Announcement against a hydroelectric project proposed in the area resulted in the creation of the park in 1984.
Since then, a long-term conservation effort has been undertaken to preserve the Silent Valley ecosystem. In order to ensure better protection of the area the buffer zone of the Park was created and made an integral part of Silent Valley National Park.
Now there are two zones for silent valley. The core zone (89.52 sq.km) and buffer zone(148 sq km). The core zone is protected and wild life is undisturbed. Only forest department staff, scientists, and wildlife photographers are allowed.
The story of Silent Valley National park is the struggle and thought for environmental protection in the country. The struggle for protecting the valley proved that human beings still care for nature.
Thursday, March 8, 2012
Trophies And Cups - National Trophies
Agarwal Cup | Badminton |
Agha Khan Cup | Hockey |
All-India Women’s | |
Guru Nanak Championship | Hockey |
Bandodkar Trophy | Football |
Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup | Basketball |
Barna-Bellack Cup | Table Tennis |
Beighton Cup | Hockey |
Bombay Gold Cup | Hockey |
Burdwan Trophy | Weight-lifting |
Charminar Trophy | Athletics |
Chadha Cup | Badminton |
C.K. Naydu Trophy | Cricket |
Chakoia Gold Trophy | Football |
Divan Cup | Badminton |
Deodhar Trophy | Cricket |
Duleep Trophy | Cricket |
DCM Cup | Football |
Durand Cup | Football |
Dhyan Chand Trophy | Hockey |
Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy | Football (Junior) |
Ezra Cup | Polo |
FA Cup | Football |
GD Birla Trophy | Cricket |
Ghulam Ahmed Trophy | Cricket |
Gurmeet Trophy | Hockey |
Guru Nanak Cup | Hockey |
Gyanuati Devi Trophy | Hockey |
Holkar Trophy | Bridge |
Irani Trophy | Cricket |
IFA Shield | Football |
Indira Gold Cup | Hockey |
Jawaharlal Challenge | Air Racing |
Jaswant Singh Trophy | Best Services Sportsman |
Kuppuswamy Naidu Trophy | Hockey |
Lady Rattan Tata Trophy | Hockey |
MCC Trophy | Hockey |
Moinuddaula Gold Cup | Cricket |
Murugappa Gold Cup | Hockey |
Modi Gold Cup | Hockey |
Narang Cup | Badminton |
Nehru Trophy | Hockey |
Nixan Gold Cup | Football |
Obaid Ullah Gold Cup | Hockey |
Prithi Singh Cup | Polo |
Rani Jhansi Trophy | Cricket |
Ranjit Trophy | Cricket |
Rangaswami Cup | Hockey |
Ranjit Singh Gold Cup | Hockey |
Rajendra Prasad Cup | Tennis |
Ramanujan Trophy | Table Tennis |
Rene Frank Trophy | Hockey |
Radha Mohan Cup | Polo |
Raghbir Singh Memorial | Football |
Rohinton Baria Trophy | Cricket |
Rovers Cup | Football |
Sanjay Gold Cup | Football |
Santosh Trophy | Football |
Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee | Football |
Subroto Cup | Football |
Scindia Gold Cup | Hockey |
Sahni Trophy | Hockey |
Sheesh Mahal Trophy | Cricket |
Todd Memorial Trophy | Football |
Tommy Eman Gold Cup | Hockey |
Vittal Trophy | Football |
Vizzy Trophy | Cricket |
Vijay Merchant Trophy | Cricket |
Wellington Trophy | Rowing |
Wills Trophy | Cricket |
Trophies And Cups - International Trophies
American Cup | Yacht Racing |
Ashes | Cricket |
Benson and Hedges | Cricket |
Canada Cup | Golf |
Colombo Cup | Football |
Corbitton Cup | Table Tennis (Women) |
Davis Cup | Horse Race |
Grand National | Horse Streple Chase Race |
Jules Rimet Trophy | World Soccer Cup |
King’s Cup | Air Races |
Merdeka Cup | Football |
Rydet Cup | Golf |
Swaythling Cup | Table Tennis (Men) |
Thomas Cup | Badminton |
U. Thant Cup | Tennis |
Uber Cup | Badminton (Women) |
Walker Cup | Golf |
Westchester Cup | Polo |
Wightman Cup | Lawn Tennis |
World Cup | Cricket |
World Cup | Hockey |
Reliance Cup | Cricket |
Rothman’s Trophy | Cricket |
William’s Cup | Basketball |
European Champions Cup | Football |
Eisenhower Cup | Golf |
Essandre Champions Cup | Hockey |
Rene Frank Trophy | Hockey |
Grand Prix | Table Tennis |
Edgbaston Cup | Lawn Tennis |
Grand Prix | Lawn Tennis |
PRIME MINISTER’S SHRAM AWARD
The objective of the Prime Minister’s Shram Award is to recognize the outstanding contribution made by workmen as defined in the Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, in organisations both in public and private sector and who have distinguished record of performance, devotion to duty of a high order, specific contribution in the field of productivity, proven innovative abilities, presence of mind and exceptional courage and also to the workmen, who have made supreme sacrifice of laying down their lives in the conscientious discharge of their duties
SHAHEED NIYOGI MEMORIAL AWARD FOR JOURNALISM
The award was instituted in 1998 to recognise the contribution of Journalists in upholding the legacy of Shanker Guja Niyogi, the firebrand trade union leader and social activist from Chhattisgarh, who was murdered on September 28, 1991 by the industrial mafia.
SHANTI SWAROOP BHATNAGAR PRIZES
The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prizes are awarded annually by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) to outstanding Indian research workers in seven disciplines of Science and Technology. The SSB Prizes are awarded to scientists for their outstanding scientific contributions made primarily in India during last 5 years preceeding the year of the award are eligible for the Prize. The SSB Prize comprising a citation, a plaque and a cash award of Rs. 2 lakh is given to each selected person.
GOLDEN PEACOCK AWARDS
These awards have been instituted by the Institute of Directors in 1991 have given boost to Indian Industry. One can fairly assert that India’s manufacturing success today is to a great measure due to the learning experience provided by the self assessment model on which the Golden Peacock Award is based. The Golden Peacock Awards are now considered as the holy grail of corporate excellence and its guidelines provide a checklist for improvement and self-assessment in areas of quality, innovation, training, governance, environment management and corporate social responsibility.
All institutions whether public, private, non-profit, government, business, manufacturing and service sector are eligible to apply. Leadership Awards are determined through nomination. They provide not only worldwide recognition and prestige but also a competitive advantage in driving business in this tumultuous world under Golden Peacock-award models. The awards are bestowed annually and are designed to encourage total improvement in each sector of business.
JAMNALAL BAJAJ AWARDS
In 1976, the Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation was established for promoting Gandhian constructive programmes and assisting constructive workers who devoted themselves to the national cause. The foundation has instituted four annual awards, each carrying a cash prize of Rs. 5,00,000 or its equivalent in foreign currency, a citation and a trophy. The awards are intended to recognise outstanding contribution in :
- Constructive work
- Application of science and technology for rural development
- Upliftment and welfare of women and children and/or Gandhian constructive work by women workers
- Promotion of Gandhian values outside India by individuals other than Indian citizens.
On the occasion of the Jamnalal Bajaj Birth Centenary, the foundation conferred on Dr. Nelson Mandela, a Special Award of Rs.5,00,000, a citation and a specially sculptured trophy. It was presented on 18 October 1990, at a special function held in Raj Bhavan, Calcutta, by the Governor of West Bengal and in the presence of Shri Jyoti Basu, Chief Minister of West Bengal.
The foundation has undertaken several rural development programmes in the Wardha district, Maharashtra, Kheri district and Shikohabad near Ferozabad in Uttar Pradesh. It also extends financial assistance to institutions and individuals engaged in social and welfare programmes.
GRAMMY AWARDS
The GRAMMY Foundation was established in 1989 to cultivate an awareness, appreciation and advancement of the contribution of recorded music. American culture from the artistic and technical legends of the past to the still unimagined musical breakthroughs of the future generations of the music professionals. The GRAMMY Foundation works in partnership with its founder, the Recording Academy, to bring national attention to important issues such as the value and impact of music and arts education and the urgency of preserving rich cultural legacy.
WORLD FOOD PRIZE
The Prize recognizes contributions in any field involved in the world food, supply-food and agriculture science and technology, manufacturing, marketing, nutrition, economics, poverty alleviation, political leadership and the social sciences. The prize was created in 1986 by Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borland and since 1990 has been sponsored by business man and pilanthropist John Ruan, The winner receives US$ 2,50,000.
OSCAR AWARD
The annual Oscar presentation has been held since 1929. After three quarters of a century of recognizing excellence in cinema achievement, the annual presentation of the Oscar has become the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences’ most famous activity. The Academy Award’s Presentation is also the activity that enables the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to maintain its varied year round calendar of programs and events and a wide-ranging educational and cultural agenda.
All voting for Academy Awards is conducted by secret ballot and tabulated by the international auditing firm of Pricewaterhouse Cooper. Secrecy is maintained by the auditors the results of balloting are not revealed until the now-famous envelopes are opened on stage during the live television program. Because the Academy numbers among its members the ablest artists and craftsmen in the motion picture world, the Oscar represents the best achievements of the year in the opinion of those who themselves reside at the top of their craft.
RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD
Instituted in 1957 named after Ramon Magasaysay, President of the Philippines, who died in an air crash in 1957. He became world renowned figure in the 1950’s for his land reform programme to defuse communist insurgency. The award is given annually on August 31st, the birth anniversary of Magsaysay, for outstanding contributions to Public Service, Community Leadership, Journalism, Literature and Creative Arts and International Understanding. It is equivalent to the Nobel Prize in Asia. It may also be awarded to organizations / institutions and non-Asians working for the benefit of Asia. It carries a cash prize of $50,000.
Indian Recipients : Mother Teresa (1962), Jockin Arputham (2000), L. Ramdas (2004). For Lterature, Journalism and Creative Communication Arts : Amitabh Chaudhury (1961), Satyajit Ray (1967), B, G, Vergheese (1975), Shambu Mitra (1976), Gour Kishore Ghosh (1981), Arun Shourie (1982), R, K, Lakshman (1984), K, V, Subbanna (1991), Mahasweta Devi (1997), P. Sainath (2007).
For Community Leadership : Acharya Vinobha Bhave (1958), Dara N, Khurodi , Thribhuvan Das K, Patel and Vergheese Kurian (1963), Kamaladevi Chattopdhyaya (1966), M, S, Swaminathan (1971), L, R, Bhat (1977), Rajanikant S, Arole and Mabelle R, Arole (1979), Panduranga Athavale (1996), Ms. Aruna Roy (2000), Rajendra Singh (2001), Ms. Shanta Sinha (2003), Prakash Amte and his wife Mandakini Amte (2008).
For Public Service : Jaya Prakash Narayan (1965), M, S, Subalakshmi (1974), Manibhai Desai (1982), Muralidhar Devidas Amte (1985), L, C, Jain (1989), M S Mehta (1997), V, Sharma (2005)
For Government Service : C, D, Deshmukh (1959), Kiran Bedi (1994), T, N, Seshan (1996), J, M, Lyngodh (2003).
For Emergent Leadership : Sandeep Pandey (2002), Arvind Kejriwal (2006).
NOBEL PRIZE
Background of Nobel Foundation
Alfred Bernhard Nobel: Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel, who invented dynamite, endowed a $9 million fund in his will. The interest on this endowment was to be used as awards for people whose work most benefited humanity. He wanted the profit from his invention to be used to reward human ingenuity. First awarded in 1901, the Nobel Prize, is still the most honoured in the world.
In 1842, Nobel’s family moved to St. Petesburg, Russia, where he obtained his education. He travelled widely as a young man, becoming fluent in five languages. Nobel was interested in literature and wrote novels, poetry and plays in his spare time. In the 1860s, he began experiments with nitroglycerin in his father’s factory. He tried many ways to stabilise this highly volatile material. Nobel discovered that a mix of nitroglycerin and fine porous powder called kieselguhr was most effective. He named this mixture as dynamite and received a patent in 1867.
Background and Establishment of the Nobel Foundation : Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896. The provisions of his will and their unusual purpose, as well as their partly incomplete form, attracted great attention and soon led to skepticism and criticism, also aimed at the testator due to his international spirit. Only after several years of negotiations and often rather bitter conflicts and after various obstacles had been circumvented or overcome, could the fundamental concepts presented in the will assume solid form with the establishment of the Nobel Foundation.
On June, 1900, after series of alterations, suggestions, modifications, the statues of the newly created legatee, the Nobel Foundation, and special regulations for the Swedish Prize-Awarding Institutions were promulgated by the King in Council (Oscar II). The same year as the political union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, special regulations were adopted on April 10, 1905, by the Nobel Committee of the Storting (known since January 1, 1977 as the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the awarder of the Nobel Peace Prize.
Premises: To create a worthy framework around the prizes, the board decided at an early stage that it would erect its own building in Stockholm, which would include a hall for the Prize Award Ceremony and banquet as well as its own administrative offices. Ferdinand Boberg was selected as the architect. He presented an ambitious proposal for a Nobel Palace, which generated extensive publicity but also led to doubts and questions. On December 19, 1918, a building at Sturegatan, 14 was bought for this purpose. After years of renovation there, the Foundation finally left its cramped premises at Norrlandsgatan, 6 in 1926, and moved to Sturegatan, 14, where the Foundation has been housed ever since.
Objectives of the Foundation : The Nobel Foundation is a private institution. It is entrusted with protecting the common interests of the Prize Awarding Institutions named in the will, as well as representing the Nobel institutions externally. This includes informational activities as well as arrangements related to the presentation of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is not, however, involved in the selection process and the final choice of the Laureates (as Nobel Prize winners are also called). In this work, the Prize-awarding Institutions are not only entirely independent of all government agencies and organisations, but also of the Nobel Foundation. Their autonomy is of crucial importance to the objectivity and quality of their prize decisions. One vital task of the Foundation is to manage its assets in such a way as to safeguard the financial base of the prizes themselves and of the prize selection process.
- Year of Institution : 1901
- Founder : Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833–96)
- Number of Awards : Six
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Physiology or Medicine
- Literature Peace
- Economics (Established in 1967)
- Date on which it is awarded : December 10
Anyone proposing himself for Nobel Prize is ruled out of consideration. The recommendations have to come from outside. The Noble Prizes are presented annually, December 10, the death anniversary of the founder and the festival day of the Foundation. Originally it was awarded for works in five disciplines. The prize for Economics was instituted in 1967, by Sverigs Riksbank, Swedish Bank, in celebration of its 300th anniversary and was awarded for the first time in 1969, it is called Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.
Nobel Foundation’s Prize Awarding Bodies
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, awards the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry.
- The Nobel Assembly of Karolinska Chirugical Institute, Sweden, awards the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology.
- The Swedish Academy awards the Prize in Literature.
- The Committee of the Norwegian Parliament awards the Prize for Peace.
- The Bank of Sweden Awards the Nobel Prize in Economics.
Maximum Nobel Prizes : US citizens have won outright as well as shared the maximum number of Nobel Prizes. Individually, the only person to have two Nobel Prizes: Dr Linus Carl Pauling, Professor of Chemistry at California. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 and the Peace Prize in 1962
First Couple to Receive the Nobel Prize : Madame Marie Curie shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with her husband Pierre Curie, she later won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911,
Three Nobel Prizes : The International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace three times: 1917, 1944 and 1963.
INDIAN NOBEL LAUREATES
Name | Field | Year |
Rabindranath Tagore (1861 – 1941) | Literature (Gitanjali) | 1913 |
Dr. C.V. Raman (1888 – 1970) | Physics (Raman Effect) | 1930 |
Dr. Hargobind Khorana (b. 1922) (of Indian Descent) | Medicine (Genetic Code) | 1968 |
Mother Teresa (1910 – 97) | Peace | 1979 |
Dr. S. Chandrasekhar (1910 – 95) | Physics (Chandrasekhar Limit) | 1983 |
Dr. Amartya Sen (b. 1933) | Economics (Welfare Economics) | 1988 |
Sir V.S. Naipaul (b. 1932) (of Indian Desent) | Literature | 2001 |
Venkataraman Ramakrishnan | Chemistry | 2009 |
MCQs on ENVIRONMENT
1.The head quarters of international whaling commission
a) newyork
b) Kyoto
c) perth
d) Cambridge
2)Icreased defoliation in plants is caused by
a) ozone depletion
b) acid rains
c) global warming
d) ground pollution
3) The Himalayan ibex is a type of
a) goat
b) deer
c) ass
d) cattle
4) For providing environmental information to decision makers, policy planners, scientists and engineers, research workers, etc. all over the country., ENVIS was established in the year
a)1979
b)1980
c)1981
d)1982
5) which of the following is not a mission listed under NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CILMATE CHANGE(NAPCC)
a) national mission on sustainable development
b) national mission on enhanced energy efficiency
c) national mission on sustainable Himalayan ecosystem
d) national mission on strategic knowledge for climate change
6) The only conference of parties held in India
a) cop-12
b) cop-13
c) c0p-14
d) c0p-15
7) who wrote the book “hotspots:revisited”
a) walter rosen
b) Norman myers
c) russel mittermeier
d) Rachel Carson
8) The state bird of uttarakhand
a) monal
b) Indian bustard
c) Indian roller
d) sarus crane
9) The year declared by UN as International Year of Forests
a) 2011
b) 2010
c) 2009
d) 2008
10) National biodiversity authority is located a
a) Thiruvananthapuram
b) chennai
c) Imphal
d) shimla
11) The greenhouse gas with high heat trapping capability
a) carbondioxide
b) nitrous oxide
c) sulphur hexa flouride
d) methane
12) Consider the following statements
1) ocean acidification due to global warming activates coral growth
2) global warming may result in increased agricultural yield in certain parts of the earth
The correct statements
a) only 1
b) only 2
c) both 1 and 2
d) neither 1 nor 2
13) The primordial earth’s atmosphere was
a) reducing
b) with free oxygen
c) cooler
d) all of these
14) The number of biosphere reserves in india recognized as a part of world network of biospheres
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7
15) Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere
a) methane
b) nitrous oxide
c) ozone
d) hydroflurocarbons
16) What is the difference between a threatened species and an endangered species?
(a) A threatened species means that the population is likely to become endangeredAn endangered species has population numbers so low that it is likely to become extinct
(b) A threatened species is already extinct. An endangered species means that the population’s numbers have increased greatly over the last 5 years
(c) A threatened species means that the population is likely to become endangered. An endangered species is already extinct
(d) A threatened species and an endangered species are the same
17) Edge species
(a) decrease biodiversity
(b) only exist in areas that have been altered by humans
(c) require the unique homogenous edge environment
(d) may require conditions found in both of the bordering ecosystems
18) which of the following is a native species of India
a) Two horned rhinoceros
b) rhesus monkey
c) komodo dragon
d) none
19) Which book written by Rachel Carson resulted in banning DDT in USA
a) silent spring
b) the enviraonmentalism
c) biomagnification
d) food chain
20) which of the following competition is severe
a) intra specific
b) inter specific
c) extra specific
d) none
21) The water (prevention and control ) pollution act came into force in the year
a) 1972
b) 1974
c) 1977
d) 1981
22) The conference on 'the human environment" held from 5 to 16 June 1972 was held in ...
a. Stockholm, Sweden
b. Tbilisi, Soviet Union
c. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
d. Kyoto, Japan
23) Man and biosphere programme is affiliated with...
a. UNESCO
b. IUCN
c. WWF
d.WIPO
24) What does "system" imply in the term "ecosystem"?
a. environment
b. Interdependent complex
c. System approach
d. ecological systems
25). The term "ecology" was defined for the first time in 1970 by...
a. Haeckel
b. St. Hilaire
c. Jackson Mivart
d. H. Reiter
26)The "Vienna Convention" related with environment is basically related with..
a. international trade in endangered species
b. protection of ozone layer
c. biodiversity conservation
d. preservation of cultural environment
27)Which of the following gases has an important role in maintaining atmosphere temperature?
a. nitrogen
b. Oxygen
c. argon
d. Carbon dioxide
28)The world’s biggest GHG emitter
a.china
b.USA
c.india
d.south Africa
29)The outermost zone of a biosphere reserve is
a. manipulation zone
b. core zone
c. buffer zone
d. any of these
30) Identify the correct match of a tiger reserve and the state in which it is located
a. Corbett—Madhya Pradesh
b. darra—rajasthan
c.perambakulam—karnataka
d. Bandipur—Tamil Nadu.
ANSWERS:
1.d
2 a.
3. a
4.d
5.a
6.a
7.c
8.a
9.a
10.b
11.c
12 b
13 a
14 d
15 a
16 a
17 d
18 d
19 a
20 a
21 b
22 a
23 a
24 b
25 d
26 b
27 d
28 a
29 a
30 b
a) newyork
b) Kyoto
c) perth
d) Cambridge
2)Icreased defoliation in plants is caused by
a) ozone depletion
b) acid rains
c) global warming
d) ground pollution
3) The Himalayan ibex is a type of
a) goat
b) deer
c) ass
d) cattle
4) For providing environmental information to decision makers, policy planners, scientists and engineers, research workers, etc. all over the country., ENVIS was established in the year
a)1979
b)1980
c)1981
d)1982
5) which of the following is not a mission listed under NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CILMATE CHANGE(NAPCC)
a) national mission on sustainable development
b) national mission on enhanced energy efficiency
c) national mission on sustainable Himalayan ecosystem
d) national mission on strategic knowledge for climate change
6) The only conference of parties held in India
a) cop-12
b) cop-13
c) c0p-14
d) c0p-15
7) who wrote the book “hotspots:revisited”
a) walter rosen
b) Norman myers
c) russel mittermeier
d) Rachel Carson
8) The state bird of uttarakhand
a) monal
b) Indian bustard
c) Indian roller
d) sarus crane
9) The year declared by UN as International Year of Forests
a) 2011
b) 2010
c) 2009
d) 2008
10) National biodiversity authority is located a
a) Thiruvananthapuram
b) chennai
c) Imphal
d) shimla
11) The greenhouse gas with high heat trapping capability
a) carbondioxide
b) nitrous oxide
c) sulphur hexa flouride
d) methane
12) Consider the following statements
1) ocean acidification due to global warming activates coral growth
2) global warming may result in increased agricultural yield in certain parts of the earth
The correct statements
a) only 1
b) only 2
c) both 1 and 2
d) neither 1 nor 2
13) The primordial earth’s atmosphere was
a) reducing
b) with free oxygen
c) cooler
d) all of these
14) The number of biosphere reserves in india recognized as a part of world network of biospheres
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7
15) Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere
a) methane
b) nitrous oxide
c) ozone
d) hydroflurocarbons
16) What is the difference between a threatened species and an endangered species?
(a) A threatened species means that the population is likely to become endangeredAn endangered species has population numbers so low that it is likely to become extinct
(b) A threatened species is already extinct. An endangered species means that the population’s numbers have increased greatly over the last 5 years
(c) A threatened species means that the population is likely to become endangered. An endangered species is already extinct
(d) A threatened species and an endangered species are the same
17) Edge species
(a) decrease biodiversity
(b) only exist in areas that have been altered by humans
(c) require the unique homogenous edge environment
(d) may require conditions found in both of the bordering ecosystems
18) which of the following is a native species of India
a) Two horned rhinoceros
b) rhesus monkey
c) komodo dragon
d) none
19) Which book written by Rachel Carson resulted in banning DDT in USA
a) silent spring
b) the enviraonmentalism
c) biomagnification
d) food chain
20) which of the following competition is severe
a) intra specific
b) inter specific
c) extra specific
d) none
21) The water (prevention and control ) pollution act came into force in the year
a) 1972
b) 1974
c) 1977
d) 1981
22) The conference on 'the human environment" held from 5 to 16 June 1972 was held in ...
a. Stockholm, Sweden
b. Tbilisi, Soviet Union
c. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
d. Kyoto, Japan
23) Man and biosphere programme is affiliated with...
a. UNESCO
b. IUCN
c. WWF
d.WIPO
24) What does "system" imply in the term "ecosystem"?
a. environment
b. Interdependent complex
c. System approach
d. ecological systems
25). The term "ecology" was defined for the first time in 1970 by...
a. Haeckel
b. St. Hilaire
c. Jackson Mivart
d. H. Reiter
26)The "Vienna Convention" related with environment is basically related with..
a. international trade in endangered species
b. protection of ozone layer
c. biodiversity conservation
d. preservation of cultural environment
27)Which of the following gases has an important role in maintaining atmosphere temperature?
a. nitrogen
b. Oxygen
c. argon
d. Carbon dioxide
28)The world’s biggest GHG emitter
a.china
b.USA
c.india
d.south Africa
29)The outermost zone of a biosphere reserve is
a. manipulation zone
b. core zone
c. buffer zone
d. any of these
30) Identify the correct match of a tiger reserve and the state in which it is located
a. Corbett—Madhya Pradesh
b. darra—rajasthan
c.perambakulam—karnataka
d. Bandipur—Tamil Nadu.
ANSWERS:
1.d
2 a.
3. a
4.d
5.a
6.a
7.c
8.a
9.a
10.b
11.c
12 b
13 a
14 d
15 a
16 a
17 d
18 d
19 a
20 a
21 b
22 a
23 a
24 b
25 d
26 b
27 d
28 a
29 a
30 b
MCQs on Union Budget 2011-12
1) Who presented the Union Budget 2011-12 in the Parliament on February 28, 2011?
a) Manmohan Singh
b) Pratibha Devisingh Patil
c) Hamid Ansari
d) D.Subbarao
e) Pranab Mukherjee
2) The first Union budget of independent India was presented by?
a) R.K.Shanmukham Chetty
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Morarji Desai
d) Indira Gandhi
e) Manmohan Singh
3) Disinvestment Target for 2011-12 has been placed at?
a) Rs. 10000 crore
b) Rs. 20000 crore
c) Rs. 30000 crore
d) Rs. 40000 crore
e) None of these
4) Foreign Institutional Investor-(FII) limit for investment in Indian corporate bonds raised from $20 billion to?
a) $30 billion
b) $40 billion
c) $50 billion
d) $60 billion
e) None of these
5) As per Union Budget 2011-12, Indian Micro Finance Equity Fund of Rs.100 crore to be created with?
a) SBI
b)ICICI
c) NABARD
d)IDBI
e) SIDBI
6) Rural Infrastructure Develo-pment Fund (RIDF) was set up by the Government in?
a) 1995-96
b) 1996-97
c) 1997-98
d)1998-99
e) None of these
7) The corpus allocated for Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) for 2011-12 is?
a) Rs.16000
b) Rs.17000
c) Rs.18000
d) Rs.19000
e) None of these
8) The target of credit flow to farmers has been raised from Rs.3,75,000 crore of 2010-11 to ……in 2011-12?
a) Rs.4,75,000 crore
b) Rs.5,75,000 crore
c) Rs.6,75,000 crore
d) Rs.7,75,000 crore
e) None of these
9) Rural Infrastructure Develo-pment Fund (RIDF) is maintained by?
a) RBI b) SBI
c) NABARD
d) IDBI Bank
e) None of these
10) Eligibility for pension under Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme for BPL beneficiaries reduced from 65 years of age to?
a) 64 years
b) 63 years
c) 62 years
d) 61 years
e) 60 years
11) Exemption limit for the general category of individual taxpa-yers enhanced from 1,60,000 to?
a) 1,70,000
b) 1,80,000
c) 1,90,000
d) 2,00,000
e) None of these
12) As per Union Budget 2011-12, standard rate of Service Tax is?
a) 10 %
b) 11 %
c) 12 %
d) 13 %
e) None of these
13) As per Union Budget 2011-12, Defence allocation is?
a) 1.64 lakh crore
b) 1.74 lakh crore
c) 1.84 lakh crore
d) 1.94 lakh crore
e) None of these
14) In the Constitution of India, the Union Budget of India referred to as the?
a) Economic Survey
b) Monetary and Credit Policy
c) Foreign Trade Policy
d) Annual Financial Statement
e) None of these
15) Which of the following department is not a part of Finance Ministry of India?
a) Department of Economic Affairs
b) Department of Expenditure
c) Department of Revenue
d) Department of Disinvestments
e) Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion
16) Which Department principal responsibility is the prep-aration of the Union Budget annually (excluding the Railway Budget)?
a) Department of Economic Affairs
b) Department of Expenditure
c) Department of Revenue
d) Department of Disinvestments
e)Department of Financial Servies
17) Which of the following is a government body that offers a single window clearance for proposals on foreign direct investment in the country that are not allowed access through the automatic route?
a) Securities and Exchange Board of India
b) Reserve Bank of India
c) Export-Import Bank of India
d) Foreign Investment Promo-tion Board
e) Bombay Stock Exchange
18) The first woman Finance Secretary of India?
a) Sushma Nath
b)Shyamala Gopinath
c) Chanda Kochhar
d) Shikha Sharma
e) None of these
19) The only woman to hold the post of the finance minister of India?
a) Vijaya Lakshmi Nehru Pandit
b) Sarojini Naidu
c) Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
d) Indira Gandhi
e)None of these
20) The Union Budget is always presented first in ?
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) Joint Session of the Parliament
d) State Assemblies
e) None of these
21) Which of the following presents the Economic Survey in the parliament every year, just before the Union Budget?
a) RBI
b) Ministry of Finance
c) Ministry of Commerce
d) Planning Commission
e) Finance Commission
22) The financial year in India starts on?
a) 1st January
b)1stMarch
c) 1st April
d) 1st July
e) None of these
23) A fiscal year in India ends on?
a) February 28
b) March 31
c)April1 d)July1
e)December 31
24) A. Gross Tax receipts are estimated at 9,32,440 crore.
B. Non-tax revenue receipts estimated at 1,25,435 crore.
C. Total expenditure proposed at 12,57,729 crore.
D. Increase of 18.3 per cent in total Plan allocation.
E. Increase of 10.9 per cent in the Non-plan expenditure.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and B
b) B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) All of the above
25) A.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimated to have grown at 8.6 per cent in 2010-11 in real terms.
B. Government expects econo-my to grow at 9 % in 2011-12.
C. Fiscal Deficit target at 4.6% for 2011-12, down from 5.1% estimated for 2010-11.
D. Central Government debt estimated at 44.2 per cent of GDP for 2011-12 as against 52.5 per cent recomm-ened by the 13th Finance Commission.
E. 40,000 crore to be raised through disinvestment in 2011-12.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and B
b) B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) All of the above
26) A. Government committed to retain at least 51 per cent ownership and management control of the Central Public Sector Undertakings.
B. "India Microfinance Equity Fund" of Rs.100 crore to be created with SIDBI. Gover-nment considering putting in place appropriate regulatory framework to protect the interest of small borrowers.
C."Women's SHG's Develo-pment Fund" to be created with a corpus of Rs. 500 crore.
D. Corpus of RIDF XVII to be raised from Rs.16,000 crore to 20,000 crore.
E. 1,000 crore to be provided to SIDBI for refinancing incre-mental lending by banks to these enterprises.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and D
b) A, B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) None of these
27) A.Allocation under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) increased from Rs. 6,755 crore to 7,860 crore.
B. Rs.10,000 crore to be contributed to NABARD's Short-term Rural Credit fund for 2011-12.
C. Allocation for Bharat Nirman programme proposed to be increased by Rs.10,000 crore from the current year to Rs. 58,000 crore in 2011-12.
D. Rs. 21,000 crores for primary education to implement Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.
E. Defence budget hiked to ’1.64 lakh crore
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and B
b) B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) All of the above
28) Consider the following statements:
1) Finance minister Pranab Mukherjee unveiled the Union Budget 2011-12 on February 28, 2011.
2) Economic Survey 2010-11 was presented in the Parliament on Feb 25, 2011.
3) India's Railway Minister Mamta Banerjee presented the new Railway Budget for the year 2011-12 in the parliament on February 25, 2011.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) All of the above
e) None of these
Answers:
1) e, 2) a, 3) d, 4) a, 5) e, 6) a, 7) c, 8) a, 9) c, 10) e, 11) b, 12) a, 13) a, 14) d, 15) e, 16) a, 17) d, 18) a, 19) d, 20) a, 21) b, 22) c, 23) b, 24) e, 25) e, 26) b, 27) e, 28) d
a) Manmohan Singh
b) Pratibha Devisingh Patil
c) Hamid Ansari
d) D.Subbarao
e) Pranab Mukherjee
2) The first Union budget of independent India was presented by?
a) R.K.Shanmukham Chetty
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Morarji Desai
d) Indira Gandhi
e) Manmohan Singh
3) Disinvestment Target for 2011-12 has been placed at?
a) Rs. 10000 crore
b) Rs. 20000 crore
c) Rs. 30000 crore
d) Rs. 40000 crore
e) None of these
4) Foreign Institutional Investor-(FII) limit for investment in Indian corporate bonds raised from $20 billion to?
a) $30 billion
b) $40 billion
c) $50 billion
d) $60 billion
e) None of these
5) As per Union Budget 2011-12, Indian Micro Finance Equity Fund of Rs.100 crore to be created with?
a) SBI
b)ICICI
c) NABARD
d)IDBI
e) SIDBI
6) Rural Infrastructure Develo-pment Fund (RIDF) was set up by the Government in?
a) 1995-96
b) 1996-97
c) 1997-98
d)1998-99
e) None of these
7) The corpus allocated for Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) for 2011-12 is?
a) Rs.16000
b) Rs.17000
c) Rs.18000
d) Rs.19000
e) None of these
8) The target of credit flow to farmers has been raised from Rs.3,75,000 crore of 2010-11 to ……in 2011-12?
a) Rs.4,75,000 crore
b) Rs.5,75,000 crore
c) Rs.6,75,000 crore
d) Rs.7,75,000 crore
e) None of these
9) Rural Infrastructure Develo-pment Fund (RIDF) is maintained by?
a) RBI b) SBI
c) NABARD
d) IDBI Bank
e) None of these
10) Eligibility for pension under Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme for BPL beneficiaries reduced from 65 years of age to?
a) 64 years
b) 63 years
c) 62 years
d) 61 years
e) 60 years
11) Exemption limit for the general category of individual taxpa-yers enhanced from 1,60,000 to?
a) 1,70,000
b) 1,80,000
c) 1,90,000
d) 2,00,000
e) None of these
12) As per Union Budget 2011-12, standard rate of Service Tax is?
a) 10 %
b) 11 %
c) 12 %
d) 13 %
e) None of these
13) As per Union Budget 2011-12, Defence allocation is?
a) 1.64 lakh crore
b) 1.74 lakh crore
c) 1.84 lakh crore
d) 1.94 lakh crore
e) None of these
14) In the Constitution of India, the Union Budget of India referred to as the?
a) Economic Survey
b) Monetary and Credit Policy
c) Foreign Trade Policy
d) Annual Financial Statement
e) None of these
15) Which of the following department is not a part of Finance Ministry of India?
a) Department of Economic Affairs
b) Department of Expenditure
c) Department of Revenue
d) Department of Disinvestments
e) Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion
16) Which Department principal responsibility is the prep-aration of the Union Budget annually (excluding the Railway Budget)?
a) Department of Economic Affairs
b) Department of Expenditure
c) Department of Revenue
d) Department of Disinvestments
e)Department of Financial Servies
17) Which of the following is a government body that offers a single window clearance for proposals on foreign direct investment in the country that are not allowed access through the automatic route?
a) Securities and Exchange Board of India
b) Reserve Bank of India
c) Export-Import Bank of India
d) Foreign Investment Promo-tion Board
e) Bombay Stock Exchange
18) The first woman Finance Secretary of India?
a) Sushma Nath
b)Shyamala Gopinath
c) Chanda Kochhar
d) Shikha Sharma
e) None of these
19) The only woman to hold the post of the finance minister of India?
a) Vijaya Lakshmi Nehru Pandit
b) Sarojini Naidu
c) Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
d) Indira Gandhi
e)None of these
20) The Union Budget is always presented first in ?
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) Joint Session of the Parliament
d) State Assemblies
e) None of these
21) Which of the following presents the Economic Survey in the parliament every year, just before the Union Budget?
a) RBI
b) Ministry of Finance
c) Ministry of Commerce
d) Planning Commission
e) Finance Commission
22) The financial year in India starts on?
a) 1st January
b)1stMarch
c) 1st April
d) 1st July
e) None of these
23) A fiscal year in India ends on?
a) February 28
b) March 31
c)April1 d)July1
e)December 31
24) A. Gross Tax receipts are estimated at 9,32,440 crore.
B. Non-tax revenue receipts estimated at 1,25,435 crore.
C. Total expenditure proposed at 12,57,729 crore.
D. Increase of 18.3 per cent in total Plan allocation.
E. Increase of 10.9 per cent in the Non-plan expenditure.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and B
b) B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) All of the above
25) A.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimated to have grown at 8.6 per cent in 2010-11 in real terms.
B. Government expects econo-my to grow at 9 % in 2011-12.
C. Fiscal Deficit target at 4.6% for 2011-12, down from 5.1% estimated for 2010-11.
D. Central Government debt estimated at 44.2 per cent of GDP for 2011-12 as against 52.5 per cent recomm-ened by the 13th Finance Commission.
E. 40,000 crore to be raised through disinvestment in 2011-12.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and B
b) B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) All of the above
26) A. Government committed to retain at least 51 per cent ownership and management control of the Central Public Sector Undertakings.
B. "India Microfinance Equity Fund" of Rs.100 crore to be created with SIDBI. Gover-nment considering putting in place appropriate regulatory framework to protect the interest of small borrowers.
C."Women's SHG's Develo-pment Fund" to be created with a corpus of Rs. 500 crore.
D. Corpus of RIDF XVII to be raised from Rs.16,000 crore to 20,000 crore.
E. 1,000 crore to be provided to SIDBI for refinancing incre-mental lending by banks to these enterprises.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and D
b) A, B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) None of these
27) A.Allocation under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) increased from Rs. 6,755 crore to 7,860 crore.
B. Rs.10,000 crore to be contributed to NABARD's Short-term Rural Credit fund for 2011-12.
C. Allocation for Bharat Nirman programme proposed to be increased by Rs.10,000 crore from the current year to Rs. 58,000 crore in 2011-12.
D. Rs. 21,000 crores for primary education to implement Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.
E. Defence budget hiked to ’1.64 lakh crore
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) A and B
b) B and C
c) C and D
d) D and E
e) All of the above
28) Consider the following statements:
1) Finance minister Pranab Mukherjee unveiled the Union Budget 2011-12 on February 28, 2011.
2) Economic Survey 2010-11 was presented in the Parliament on Feb 25, 2011.
3) India's Railway Minister Mamta Banerjee presented the new Railway Budget for the year 2011-12 in the parliament on February 25, 2011.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) All of the above
e) None of these
Answers:
1) e, 2) a, 3) d, 4) a, 5) e, 6) a, 7) c, 8) a, 9) c, 10) e, 11) b, 12) a, 13) a, 14) d, 15) e, 16) a, 17) d, 18) a, 19) d, 20) a, 21) b, 22) c, 23) b, 24) e, 25) e, 26) b, 27) e, 28) d
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