World Currencies

Country	Currency
Afganistan	Afgani
Albania	Lek
Algeria	Dinar
Andorra	French Frank & Spanish Peseta
Antigua & Barbuda	East Caribbean Dollar
Argentina	Peso
Armenia	Dram
Australia	Australian Dollar
Austria	Schilling
Azerbaijan	Manat
Bahamas	Bahamian Dollar
Bahrain	Bahraini Dollar
Bangladesh	Taka
Barbados	Barbados Dollar
Belarus	Belarusian Rubal
Belgium	Belgian Frank
Belize	Belize Dollar
Benin	Frank CFA
Bhutan	Nglutram
Bolivia	Boliviano
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Dinar
Botswana	Pula
Brazil	Real (BRC)
Brunei Darussalam	Brunei Dollar
Bulgaria	Lev
Burkina Faso	Frank CFA
Burundi	Burundi Franc
Cambodia	Riel
Cameroon	Frank CFA
Canada	Canadian Dollar
Cape Verde	Cape Verde escudo
Central African Republic	Frank CFA
Chad	Frank CFA
Chile	Chilean Peso
China	Yuan
Colombia	Colombian Peso
Comoros	Cambodian Franc
Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)	Zaire
Congo (Republic of Congo)	Frank CFA
Costa Rica	Costa Rican Colon
Cote D'ivoire	Frank CFA
Croatia	Kuna
Cuba	Cuban Peso
Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus)	Cyprus Pound
Northern Cyprus  (Turkish Republic of Cyprus)	Turkish Lira
Czech Republic	Koruna
Denmark	Danish Crone
Djibouti	Djibouti Franc
Dominica	French Franc
Dominican Republic	Peso Oro
Ecuador	Sucre
Egypt	Egyptian pound
El Salvador	Colon
Equatorial Guinea	Frank CFA
Eritrea	Nakfa
Estonia	Kroon
Ethiopia	Birr
Fiji	Fijian Dollar
Finland	Markka
France	French Frank
Gabon	Frank CFA
Gambia	Dalasi
Georgia	Lari
Germany	Deutsche Mark
Ghana	Cedi
Greece	Drachma
Granada	East Caribbean Dollar
Guatemala	Quetzal
Guinea	Guinean Franc
Guinea-Bissau	Frank CFA
Guyana	Guyana Dollar
Haiti	Gourde
Hungary	Forint
Iceland	MN Krona
India	Rupee
Indonesia	Rupiah
Iran	Rial
Iraq	Iraqi Dinar
Ireland	Irish Pound
Israel	Shekel
Italy	Lira
Jamaica	Jamaican Dollar
Japan	Yen
Jordan	Jordanian Dinar
Kazakhstan	Tenge
Kenya	Kenyan Shilling
Kiribati	Australian Dollar
Korea, North	Won
Korea, South	Won
Kuwait	Kuwaiti Dinar
Kyrgyzstan	The Som
Laos	Kip
Latvia	Lats
Lebanon	Lebanese Pound
Lesotho	Loti
Liberia	Liberian Dollar
Libya	Libyan Dinar
Liechtenstein	Swiss Franc
Lithunia	Litas
Luxembourg	Luxembourg Franc
Macedonia	Denar
Madagascar	Malagasy Franc
Malawi	Kwacha
Malaysia	Ringgit
Maldives	Maldivian Rufiyya
Mali	Frank CFA
Malta	Maltese Lira
Marshall Islands	US Currency
Mauritania	Ouguiya
Mauritius	Mauritius Rupee
Mexico	Mexico Peso
Micronesia	US Dollar
Moldova	Leu
Monaco	French Franc
Mongolia	Tugric
Morrocco	Dirham
Mozambique	Metical
Myanmar	Kyat
Namibia	Namibian Dollar
Nauru	Australian Dollar
Nepal	Nepalese Rupee
The Netherlands	Guilden
New Zealand	New Zealand Dollar
Nicaragua	Cordoba
Niger	Franc CFA
Nigeria	Naira
Norway	Norwegian Krone
Oman	Omanian Rial
Pakistan	Pakistan Rupee
Panama	Balboa
Papua New Guinea	Kina
Paraguay	Guarani
Peru	Nuevo Sol
The Philippines	Peso
Poland	Zloty
Portugal	Escudo
Qatar	Qatari Riyal
Romania	Leu
Russia	Ruble
Rwanda	Rwanda Franc
St. Kitts and Nevis	East Caribbean Dollar
St. Lucia	East Caribbean Dollar
St. Vincent and The Grenadines	East Caribbean Dollar
San Marino	Italian Lira
Samoa	Tala
Sao Tome and Principe	Dobra
Saudi Arabia	Riyal
Senegal	Franc CFA
Seychelles	Seychelles Rupee
Sierra Leone	Leon
Singapore	Singapore Dollar
Slovakia	Koruna
Slovenia	Tolar
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands Dollar
Somalia	Somali Shilling
South Africa	Rand
Spain	Peseta
Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka Rupee
Sudan	Sudanese Pound
Suriname	Suriname Guilder
Swaziland	Lilangeni
Sweden	Krona
Switzerland	Swiss Franc
Syria	Syrian Pound
Taiwan	New Taiwan Dollar
Tajikistan	Russian Ruble
Tanzania	Tanzanian Shilling
Thailand	Baht
Togo	Franc CFA
Tonga	Pa'anga
Trinad and Tobago	Trinad and Tobago Dollar
Tunisia	Tunisian Dollar
Turky	Turkish Lira
Turkmenistan	Manat
Tuvalu	Australian Dollar
Uganda	Ugandan Shilling
Ukraine	Hryvna
United Arab Emirates	Dirham
United Kingdom	Pound Sterling
United States	US Dollar
Uruguay	Uruguayan Peso
Uzbekistan	Som/Ruble
Vanuatu	Vatu
Vatican City State	Lira
Venezuela	Bolivar
Vietnam	Dong
Yemen	Rial
Yugoslavia	Yugoslav New Dinar
Zambia	Kwacha
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwean Dollar

Borrowed features of constitution from different countries.

From U.K.	Nominal Head – President (like Queen) Cabinet System of Ministers Post of PM Parliamentary Type of Govt. Bicameral Parliament Lower House more powerful Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House Speaker in Lok Sabha
From U.S.	Written Constitution Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha Fundamental Rights Supreme Court Provision of States Independence of Judiciary and judicial review Preamble
From USSR	Fundamental Duties Five year Plan
From AUSTRALIA	Concurrent list Language of the preamble Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse
From JAPAN	Law on which the Supreme Court function
From WEIMAR CONSTITUION OF GERMANY	Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency
From CANADA	Scheme of federation with a strong centre Distribution of powers between centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre
From IRELAND	Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN) Method of election of President Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President

New states in India created after 1950

Andhra Pradesh	Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act 1953 by carving our some areas from the State of Chennai
Gujarat and Maharashtra	The State of Mumbai was divided into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Mumbai (Reorganisation) Act 1960
Kerala	Created by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It comprised Travancor and Cochin areas
Karnataka	Created from the Princely State of Mysuru by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973
Nagaland	It was carved out from the State of Asom by the State of Nagaland Act, 1952
Haryana	It was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab (Reorganisation) Act, 1966
Himachal Pradesh	The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970
Meghalaya	First carved out as a sub-State within the State of Asom by 23 Constitutional Amendment Act, 1969. Later in 1971, it received the status of a full-fledged State by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971
Manipura and Tripura	Both these States were elevated from the status of Union-Territories by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971
Sikkim	Sikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th Constitutional Amendment Act 1974. It got the status of a full State in 1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975
Mizoram	It was elevated to the status of a full State by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986
Arunachal Pradesh	It received the status of a full state by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1896
Goa	Goa was separated from the Union-Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and was made a full-fledged State of Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union Territory
Chhattisgarh	Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000
Uttarakhand	Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000
Jharkhand	Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar on November 15, 2000

ECONOMIC TERMS

Absolute advantage: A country has an absolute advantage if its output per unit of input of all goods and services produced is higher than that of another country.

Ad valorem taxin Latin: to the value added) - a tax based on the value (or assessed value) of property.

Aggregate demand is the sum of all demand in an economy. This can be computed by adding the expenditure on consumer goods and services, investment, and not exports (total exports minus total imports).

Aggregate supply is the total value of the goods and services produced in a country, plus the value of imported goods less the value of exports.


Alternative minimum tax: An IRS mechanism created to ensure that high-income individuals, corporations, trusts, and estates pay at least some minimum amount of tax, regardless of deductions, credits or exemptions. It operates by adding certain tax-preference items back into adjusted gross income. While it was once only important for a small number of high-income individuals who made extensive use of tax shelters and deductions, more and more people are being affected by it. The AMT is triggered when there are large numbers of personal exemptions on state and local taxes paid, large numbers of miscellaneous itemized deductions or medical expenses, or by Incentive Stock Option (ISO) plans.

Asset: Anything of monetary value that is owned by a person. Assets include real property, personal property, and enforceable claims against others (including bank accounts, stocks, mutual funds, and so on).

Average propensity to consume is the proportion of income the average family spends on goods and services.

Average propensity to save is the proportion of income the average family saves (does not spend on consumption).

Average total cost is the sum of all the production costs divided by the number of units produced.




Balance of trade: The difference in value over a period of time between a country's imports and exports.

Barter system: System where there is an exchange goods without involving money.

Base year: In the construction of an index, the year from which the weights assigned to the different components of the index is drawn. It is conventional to set the value of an index in its base year equal to 100.

Bear: An investor with a pessimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price

Bid price: The highest price an investor is willing to pay for a stock.

Bill of exchange: A written, dated, and signed three-party instrument containing an unconditional order by a drawer that directs a drawee to pay a definite sum of money to a payee on demand or at a specified future date. Also known as a draft. It is the most commonly used financial instrument in international trade.

Birth rate: The number of births in a year per 1,000 population.

Bond: A certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money; the issuer is required to pay a fixed sum annually until maturity and then a fixed sum to repay the principal.

Boom: A state of economic prosperity

Break even: This is a term used to describe a point at which revenues equal costs (fixed and variable).

Bretton Woods: An international monetary system operating from 1946-1973. The value of the dollar was fixed in terms of gold, and every other country held its currency at a fixed exchange rate against the dollar; when trade deficits occurred, the central bank of the deficit country financed the deficit with its reserves of international currencies. The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971 when the US abandoned the gold standard.

Budget: A summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. A budget can provide guidelines for managing future investments and expenses.

Budget deficit is the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues during a specified period of time usually a year.

Bull: An investor with an optimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to rise and so buys now for resale later

GEOGRAPHY TERMS

ANTIPODES	A region or place on the opposite side of a point on the earth.
ANTICYCLONES	Winds which blow outward from the center.
APHELION	Position of the earth in its orbit when is at the maximum distance from the sun.
ARCHIPELAGO	A cluster of islands, e.g., Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama.
ATOLL	Coral reef resembling a horse shoe, enclosing a lagoon.
AXIS	An imaginary line joining north and south poles.
AVALANCHE	A vast mass of snow mixed with earth or stones.
BIOSPHERE	Animate or inanimate organic kingdom on earth.
CANYON	A deep valley cut by a river through a mountain region, e,g., the Grand Canyon of the Colarado river in the USA.
CONTINENTAL SHELF	Land adjoining a continent submerged in the sea.
CYCLONES	A low pressure system area in which the wind blows spirally inward.
CROP ROTATION	Growing different crops needing different minerals for their growth in the same piece of land in order to get more yield.
DATE LINE	An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to the Meridian 180 (east or west) where the date changes by one day the moment it is crossed.
DELTA	Alluvial deposit shaped like Greek letter, formed at the mouth of the river, where it falls into the sea, e.g., the Sunderban delta.
DEW	Condensed atmospheric water vapours due to the cooling of the air.
DRY FARMING	Growing of crops in low rainfall areas by moisture conservation, crop rotation but without irrigation.
EQUATOR	An imaginary line dividing the earth into two equal parts.
EQUINOXES	The day on which nights and days are of equal duration, e.g., March 22 and September 23.
EROSION	Wearing away of the earth's land surface by rain, wind, water, etc. rendering the land infertile.
ECLIPSE	When one earthly body obscures another one partially or completely.
FOG	When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles.
FROST	When the atmospheric moisture deposits in the shape of icy flakes on the exposed objects or near the ground due to below freezing point temperature.
HIGH SEAS	The parts of the sea which do not come under the territorial jurisdiction of the nations.
ICEBERG	Huge mass of ice separated from glacier in the polar regions. These masses of ice float in the oceans with 9 parts submerged in the ocean and one part visible.
ISOBARS	Lines on the map connecting the places of the same pressure.
ISOTHERMS	Lines on the map joining the places of the same temperature.
ISTHMUS	Narrow neck of land joining two land areas.
KUNDAN	Anew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts and responds well to low dose of water and fertiliser.
LAGOON	A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt.
LIGHT YEAR	The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km.
LOCAL TIME	Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth.
MERIDIAN	Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles.
MIST	It is just like fog but contain more moisture.
OASIS	A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found.
ORBIT	The path of the heavenly bodies.
PYGMALLION POINT	The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India.
PRAIRIES	Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America.
REEF	Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level.
SAVANNA	Land covered with natural grass.
SIDEREAL DAY	Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis.
SNOW LINE	Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad.
SPRING TIDES	Higher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, the earth and the moon are positioned in a straight line.
NEAP TIDES	Tides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun when both are at right angles to each other.
TORNADO	A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion.
TUNDRAS	Peripheral area of Arctic ocean.
TYCOON	Violent hurricane in China Sea.
WEATHER SATELLITE	Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather.
WESTERLIES	Constant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west in south hemisphere.

FACTS ABOUT HUMAN BODY

Bones :	The largest bones is the femur, or thigh bone which is 20 inches in a six-foot tall man. The smallest bone is the stirrup in the ear, which is one-tenth of an inch. Each had has 27 bones : eight in the wrist, five in the palm, and 14 in the fingers. A newborn baby has 300 bones, some of which fuse to form in the adult.
Blood :	In a child, there are 60,000 miles of blood vessels. An adult has 100,000 miles of blood vessels. The blood circulates through the body 1,000 times a day.
Brain :	A newborn baby has a brain that weights three ounces. The average brain of an adult weighs three pounds. The brains is the "mission control center" of the body, sending our messages at a rate of 240 miles per hour. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body.
Cells :	The cells are the body's building blocks. There are about 26 billion cells in an adult.
Eyes :	Each eye weighs 1 1/4 ounces. The eyes are constantly in motion, even during sleep. Tears keep the eyes warm and are continually secreted through 12 ducts in the eye. Tears are normally secreted through two canals near the inner corner of the eyes.
Fluid :	The body is two-thirds water. Blood is 83% water, muscles are 75% water, the brain 74% water, and the bones contain 22% water. In a single day, three pints of saliva are produced in the mouth.
Hair :	Kids have about 75,000 hairs on their heads, which grow about 1/100 of an inch daily. Hairs of different colors grow at different rates. Dark hair grows faster than light-colored hair. No one known why. Each hair on the scalp grows about five inches a year. Eyelashes keep dust out of the eyes. Aneyelash lives about 150 days before it falls out and is replaced.
Muscles :	There are over 650 muscles in the body, form the tiny ones that move the legs. The strongest muscle is the masseter muscle of the jaw. It takes at least 14 muscles to smile. The smallest in the body is located in the middle ear. Fingers have no muscles.
Nails :	Nails are made up of hardened skin called kertain. Nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes. The half-moon at the root of the nail is called the lunule. Nails grow faster in summer than in winter. Fingernails grow fourtimes faster than toenails. Right - handed people's nails grow faster in their right hands. Left-handed people's nails grow faster on their left hand.
Nose :	More than 2,500 gallons of air flow through the average adult's nose in a day. The nose can recognize up to 1,000 different smells. The nose is the air conditioning unit of the body. It cools or warms incoming air. It also filters the dirt and dust in the air.
Skin :	The human body has six pounds of skin which is, on average, 1/20 of an inch thick. The two layers of skin are the epidermins and under it, the dermis. The skin is waterproof, it protects the body and helps to regulate body temperature. A substance called melanin colors the skin the more melanin, the darker the skin. A freckle is a dense concentration of melanin. A new layer of skin replaces the old layer approximately every 27 days, totalling about 1,000 new outer layers of skin a lifetime.
teeth :	Humans have 20 primary Baby teeth and 32 permanent teeth. By age 13 most people have 28 teeth. By age 18 the four "wisdom" teeth have grown in for a total of 32 permanent teeth.