World Capitals

Country	Capital
Afganistan	Kabul
Albania	Tirana
Algeria	Algiers
Andorra	Luanda
Antigua & Barbuda	St. Jon's
Argentina	Buenos Aires
Armenia	Yarevan
Australia	Canberra
Austria	Vienna
Azerbaijan	Baku
Bahamas	Nassau
Bahrain	Manama
Bangladesh	Dhaka
Barbados	Bridgetown
Belarus	Minsk
Belgium	Brussels
Belize	Belmopan
Benin	Porto Novo
Bhutan	Thimphu
Bolivia	Sucre/ La Paz
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Sarajevo (Bosnia)
Botswana	Gabarone
Brazil	Brasilia
Brunei Darussalam	Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria	Sofia
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou
Burundi	Bujumbura
Cambodia	Phnom Penh
Cameroon	Yaounde
Canada	Ottawa
Cape Verde	Praia
Central African Republic	Bangui
Chad	N'djamena
Chile	Santiago
China	Beijing
Colombia	Bogotá
Comoros	Moroni
Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)	Kinshasa
Congo (Republic of Congo)	Brazzaville
Costa Rica	San Jose
Cote D'ivoire	Yamoussoukro
Croatia	Zagreb
Cuba	Havana
Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus)	Nicosia
Northern Cyprus  (Turkish Republic of Cyprus)	Nicosia North
Czech Republic	Prague
Denmark	Copenhagen
Djibouti	Djibouti
Dominica	Roseau
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo
Ecuador	Quito
Egypt	Cairo
El Salvador	San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo
Eritrea	Asmara
Estonia	Tallinn
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa
Fiji	Suva
Finland	Helsinki
France	Paris
Gabon	Libreville
Gambia	Banjul
Georgia	Tbilisi
Germany	Bonn
Ghana	Accra
Greece	Athens
Granada	St. George's
Guatemala	Guatemala City
Guinea	Conakry
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau
Guyana	Georgetown
Haiti	Port-Au-Prince
Hungary	Budapest
Iceland	Reykjavik
India	New Delhi
Indonesia	Jakarta
Iran	Tehran
Iraq	Baghdad
Ireland	Dublin
Israel	Jerusalem
Italy	Rome
Jamaica	Kingston
Japan	Tokyo
Jordan	Amman
Kazakhstan	Astana
Kenya	Nairobi
Kiribati	Bairiki
Korea, North	Pyongyang
Korea, South	Seoul
Kuwait	Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek
Laos	Vientiane
Latvia	Riga
Lebanon	Berut
Lesotho	Maseru
Liberia	Monrovia
Libya	Tripoli
Liechtenstein	Vaduz
Lithunia	Vilnius
Luxembourg	Luxembourg
Macedonia	Skopje
Madagascar	Antananarivo
Malawi	Lilongwe
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur
Maldives	Male
Mali	Bamako
Malta	Valletta
Marshall Islands	Dalap-Uliga-Darrit
Mauritania	Nouakchott
Mauritius	Port Louis
Mexico	Mexico City
Micronesia	Palikir
Moldova	Chisinau
Monaco	Monaco
Mongolia	Ulan Batur
Morrocco	Rabat
Mozambique	Maputo
Myanmar	Yangon
Namibia	Windhoek
Nauru	Yaren
Nepal	Kathmandu
The Netherlands	Amsterdam
New Zealand	Wellington
Nicaragua	Managua
Niger	Niamey
Nigeria	Abuja
Norway	Oslo
Oman	Muscat
Pakistan	Islamabad
Panama	Panama City
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby
Paraguay	Asuncion
Peru	Lima
The Philippines	Manila
Poland	Warsaw
Portugal	Lisbon
Qatar	Doha
Romania	Bucharest
Russia	Moscow
Rwanda	Kigali
St. Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre
St. Lucia	Castries
St. Vincent and The Grenadines	Kingstown
San Marino	San Marino
Samoa	Apia
Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh
Senegal	Dakar
Seychelles	Victoria
Sierra Leone	Freetown
Singapore	Singapore City
Slovakia	Bratislava
Slovenia	Ljublijana
Solomon Islands	Honiara
Somalia	Mogadishu
South Africa	Pretoria/ Cape Town
Spain	Madrid
Sri Lanka	Colombo
Sudan	Khartoum
Suriname	Paramaribo
Swaziland	Mbabane
Sweden	Stockholm
Switzerland	Berne
Syria	Damascus
Taiwan	Taipei
Tajikistan	Dushanbe
Tanzania	Dar -E_Salaam
Thailand	Bangkok
Togo	Lome
Tonga	Nuku'alofa
Trinad and Tobago	Port-of Spain
Tunisia	Tunis
Turky	Ankara
Turkmenistan	Ashgabat
Tuvalu	Fongafale
Uganda	Kampala
Ukraine	Kyiv
United Arab Emirates	Abu-Dhabi
United Kingdom	London
United States	Washington DC
Uruguay	Montevideo
Uzbekistan	Tashkent
Vanuatu	Vila
Vatican City State	Vatican City
Venezuela	Caracas
Vietnam	Hanoi
Yemen	Sana'a
Yugoslavia	Belgrade
Zambia	Lusaka
Zimbabwe	Harare

World Currencies

Country	Currency
Afganistan	Afgani
Albania	Lek
Algeria	Dinar
Andorra	French Frank & Spanish Peseta
Antigua & Barbuda	East Caribbean Dollar
Argentina	Peso
Armenia	Dram
Australia	Australian Dollar
Austria	Schilling
Azerbaijan	Manat
Bahamas	Bahamian Dollar
Bahrain	Bahraini Dollar
Bangladesh	Taka
Barbados	Barbados Dollar
Belarus	Belarusian Rubal
Belgium	Belgian Frank
Belize	Belize Dollar
Benin	Frank CFA
Bhutan	Nglutram
Bolivia	Boliviano
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Dinar
Botswana	Pula
Brazil	Real (BRC)
Brunei Darussalam	Brunei Dollar
Bulgaria	Lev
Burkina Faso	Frank CFA
Burundi	Burundi Franc
Cambodia	Riel
Cameroon	Frank CFA
Canada	Canadian Dollar
Cape Verde	Cape Verde escudo
Central African Republic	Frank CFA
Chad	Frank CFA
Chile	Chilean Peso
China	Yuan
Colombia	Colombian Peso
Comoros	Cambodian Franc
Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)	Zaire
Congo (Republic of Congo)	Frank CFA
Costa Rica	Costa Rican Colon
Cote D'ivoire	Frank CFA
Croatia	Kuna
Cuba	Cuban Peso
Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus)	Cyprus Pound
Northern Cyprus  (Turkish Republic of Cyprus)	Turkish Lira
Czech Republic	Koruna
Denmark	Danish Crone
Djibouti	Djibouti Franc
Dominica	French Franc
Dominican Republic	Peso Oro
Ecuador	Sucre
Egypt	Egyptian pound
El Salvador	Colon
Equatorial Guinea	Frank CFA
Eritrea	Nakfa
Estonia	Kroon
Ethiopia	Birr
Fiji	Fijian Dollar
Finland	Markka
France	French Frank
Gabon	Frank CFA
Gambia	Dalasi
Georgia	Lari
Germany	Deutsche Mark
Ghana	Cedi
Greece	Drachma
Granada	East Caribbean Dollar
Guatemala	Quetzal
Guinea	Guinean Franc
Guinea-Bissau	Frank CFA
Guyana	Guyana Dollar
Haiti	Gourde
Hungary	Forint
Iceland	MN Krona
India	Rupee
Indonesia	Rupiah
Iran	Rial
Iraq	Iraqi Dinar
Ireland	Irish Pound
Israel	Shekel
Italy	Lira
Jamaica	Jamaican Dollar
Japan	Yen
Jordan	Jordanian Dinar
Kazakhstan	Tenge
Kenya	Kenyan Shilling
Kiribati	Australian Dollar
Korea, North	Won
Korea, South	Won
Kuwait	Kuwaiti Dinar
Kyrgyzstan	The Som
Laos	Kip
Latvia	Lats
Lebanon	Lebanese Pound
Lesotho	Loti
Liberia	Liberian Dollar
Libya	Libyan Dinar
Liechtenstein	Swiss Franc
Lithunia	Litas
Luxembourg	Luxembourg Franc
Macedonia	Denar
Madagascar	Malagasy Franc
Malawi	Kwacha
Malaysia	Ringgit
Maldives	Maldivian Rufiyya
Mali	Frank CFA
Malta	Maltese Lira
Marshall Islands	US Currency
Mauritania	Ouguiya
Mauritius	Mauritius Rupee
Mexico	Mexico Peso
Micronesia	US Dollar
Moldova	Leu
Monaco	French Franc
Mongolia	Tugric
Morrocco	Dirham
Mozambique	Metical
Myanmar	Kyat
Namibia	Namibian Dollar
Nauru	Australian Dollar
Nepal	Nepalese Rupee
The Netherlands	Guilden
New Zealand	New Zealand Dollar
Nicaragua	Cordoba
Niger	Franc CFA
Nigeria	Naira
Norway	Norwegian Krone
Oman	Omanian Rial
Pakistan	Pakistan Rupee
Panama	Balboa
Papua New Guinea	Kina
Paraguay	Guarani
Peru	Nuevo Sol
The Philippines	Peso
Poland	Zloty
Portugal	Escudo
Qatar	Qatari Riyal
Romania	Leu
Russia	Ruble
Rwanda	Rwanda Franc
St. Kitts and Nevis	East Caribbean Dollar
St. Lucia	East Caribbean Dollar
St. Vincent and The Grenadines	East Caribbean Dollar
San Marino	Italian Lira
Samoa	Tala
Sao Tome and Principe	Dobra
Saudi Arabia	Riyal
Senegal	Franc CFA
Seychelles	Seychelles Rupee
Sierra Leone	Leon
Singapore	Singapore Dollar
Slovakia	Koruna
Slovenia	Tolar
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands Dollar
Somalia	Somali Shilling
South Africa	Rand
Spain	Peseta
Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka Rupee
Sudan	Sudanese Pound
Suriname	Suriname Guilder
Swaziland	Lilangeni
Sweden	Krona
Switzerland	Swiss Franc
Syria	Syrian Pound
Taiwan	New Taiwan Dollar
Tajikistan	Russian Ruble
Tanzania	Tanzanian Shilling
Thailand	Baht
Togo	Franc CFA
Tonga	Pa'anga
Trinad and Tobago	Trinad and Tobago Dollar
Tunisia	Tunisian Dollar
Turky	Turkish Lira
Turkmenistan	Manat
Tuvalu	Australian Dollar
Uganda	Ugandan Shilling
Ukraine	Hryvna
United Arab Emirates	Dirham
United Kingdom	Pound Sterling
United States	US Dollar
Uruguay	Uruguayan Peso
Uzbekistan	Som/Ruble
Vanuatu	Vatu
Vatican City State	Lira
Venezuela	Bolivar
Vietnam	Dong
Yemen	Rial
Yugoslavia	Yugoslav New Dinar
Zambia	Kwacha
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwean Dollar

Borrowed features of constitution from different countries.

From U.K.	Nominal Head – President (like Queen) Cabinet System of Ministers Post of PM Parliamentary Type of Govt. Bicameral Parliament Lower House more powerful Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House Speaker in Lok Sabha
From U.S.	Written Constitution Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha Fundamental Rights Supreme Court Provision of States Independence of Judiciary and judicial review Preamble
From USSR	Fundamental Duties Five year Plan
From AUSTRALIA	Concurrent list Language of the preamble Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse
From JAPAN	Law on which the Supreme Court function
From WEIMAR CONSTITUION OF GERMANY	Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency
From CANADA	Scheme of federation with a strong centre Distribution of powers between centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre
From IRELAND	Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN) Method of election of President Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President

New states in India created after 1950

Andhra Pradesh	Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act 1953 by carving our some areas from the State of Chennai
Gujarat and Maharashtra	The State of Mumbai was divided into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Mumbai (Reorganisation) Act 1960
Kerala	Created by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It comprised Travancor and Cochin areas
Karnataka	Created from the Princely State of Mysuru by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973
Nagaland	It was carved out from the State of Asom by the State of Nagaland Act, 1952
Haryana	It was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab (Reorganisation) Act, 1966
Himachal Pradesh	The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970
Meghalaya	First carved out as a sub-State within the State of Asom by 23 Constitutional Amendment Act, 1969. Later in 1971, it received the status of a full-fledged State by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971
Manipura and Tripura	Both these States were elevated from the status of Union-Territories by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971
Sikkim	Sikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th Constitutional Amendment Act 1974. It got the status of a full State in 1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975
Mizoram	It was elevated to the status of a full State by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986
Arunachal Pradesh	It received the status of a full state by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1896
Goa	Goa was separated from the Union-Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and was made a full-fledged State of Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union Territory
Chhattisgarh	Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000
Uttarakhand	Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000
Jharkhand	Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar on November 15, 2000

ECONOMIC TERMS

Absolute advantage: A country has an absolute advantage if its output per unit of input of all goods and services produced is higher than that of another country.

Ad valorem taxin Latin: to the value added) - a tax based on the value (or assessed value) of property.

Aggregate demand is the sum of all demand in an economy. This can be computed by adding the expenditure on consumer goods and services, investment, and not exports (total exports minus total imports).

Aggregate supply is the total value of the goods and services produced in a country, plus the value of imported goods less the value of exports.


Alternative minimum tax: An IRS mechanism created to ensure that high-income individuals, corporations, trusts, and estates pay at least some minimum amount of tax, regardless of deductions, credits or exemptions. It operates by adding certain tax-preference items back into adjusted gross income. While it was once only important for a small number of high-income individuals who made extensive use of tax shelters and deductions, more and more people are being affected by it. The AMT is triggered when there are large numbers of personal exemptions on state and local taxes paid, large numbers of miscellaneous itemized deductions or medical expenses, or by Incentive Stock Option (ISO) plans.

Asset: Anything of monetary value that is owned by a person. Assets include real property, personal property, and enforceable claims against others (including bank accounts, stocks, mutual funds, and so on).

Average propensity to consume is the proportion of income the average family spends on goods and services.

Average propensity to save is the proportion of income the average family saves (does not spend on consumption).

Average total cost is the sum of all the production costs divided by the number of units produced.




Balance of trade: The difference in value over a period of time between a country's imports and exports.

Barter system: System where there is an exchange goods without involving money.

Base year: In the construction of an index, the year from which the weights assigned to the different components of the index is drawn. It is conventional to set the value of an index in its base year equal to 100.

Bear: An investor with a pessimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price

Bid price: The highest price an investor is willing to pay for a stock.

Bill of exchange: A written, dated, and signed three-party instrument containing an unconditional order by a drawer that directs a drawee to pay a definite sum of money to a payee on demand or at a specified future date. Also known as a draft. It is the most commonly used financial instrument in international trade.

Birth rate: The number of births in a year per 1,000 population.

Bond: A certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money; the issuer is required to pay a fixed sum annually until maturity and then a fixed sum to repay the principal.

Boom: A state of economic prosperity

Break even: This is a term used to describe a point at which revenues equal costs (fixed and variable).

Bretton Woods: An international monetary system operating from 1946-1973. The value of the dollar was fixed in terms of gold, and every other country held its currency at a fixed exchange rate against the dollar; when trade deficits occurred, the central bank of the deficit country financed the deficit with its reserves of international currencies. The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971 when the US abandoned the gold standard.

Budget: A summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. A budget can provide guidelines for managing future investments and expenses.

Budget deficit is the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues during a specified period of time usually a year.

Bull: An investor with an optimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to rise and so buys now for resale later