Satellites launched by India

Satellite	Launch Date	Launch Vehicle	Type of Satellite
Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft	05.11.2013	PSLV-C25	Space Mission
GSAT-7	30.08.2013	Ariane-5 VA-215	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-3D	26.07.2013	Ariane-5 VA-214	Geo-Stationary/Meteorological Satellite
IRNSS-1A	01.07.2013	PSLV-C22	Navigation Satellite
SARAL	25.02.2013	PSLV-C20	Earth Observation Satellite
GSAT-10	29.09.2012	Ariane-5 VA-209	Geo-Stationary Satellite
RISAT-1	26.04.2012	PSLV-C19	Earth Observation Satellite
Jugnu	12.10.2011	PSLV-C18	Experimental / Small Satellite
SRMSat	12.10.2011	PSLV-C18	Experimental / Small Satellite
Megha-Tropiques	12.10.2011	PSLV-C18	Earth Observation Satellite
GSAT-12	15.07.2011	PSLV-C17	Geo-Stationary Satellite
GSAT-8	21.05.2011	Ariane-5 VA-202	Geo-Stationary Satellite
RESOURCESAT-2	20.04.2011	PSLV-C16	Earth Observation Satellite
YOUTHSAT	20.04.2011	PSLV-C16	Experimental / Small Satellite
GSAT-5P	25.12.2010	GSLV-F06	Geo-Stationary Satellite
STUDSAT	12.07.2010	PSLV-C15	Experimental / Small Satellite
CARTOSAT-2B	12.07.2010	PSLV-C15	Earth Observation Satellite
GSAT-4	15.04.2010	GSLV-D3	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Oceansat-2	23.09.2009	PSLV-C14	Earth Observation Satellite
ANUSAT	20.04.2009	PSLV-C12	Experimental / Small Satellite
RISAT-2	20.04.2009	PSLV-C12	Earth Observation Satellite
Chandrayaan-1	22.10.2008	PSLV-C11	Space Mission
CARTOSAT - 2A	28.04.2008	PSLV-C9	Earth Observation Satellite
IMS-1	28.04.2008	PSLV-C9	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-4B	12.03.2007	Ariane-5ECA	Geo-Stationary Satellite
CARTOSAT - 2	10.01.2007	PSLV-C7	Earth Observation Satellite
SRE - 1	10.01.2007	PSLV-C7	Experimental / Small Satellite
INSAT-4CR	02.09.2007	GSLV-F04	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-4C	10.07.2006	GSLV-F02	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-4A	22.12.2005	Ariane-5GS	Geo-Stationary Satellite
HAMSAT	05.05.2005	PSLV-C6	Experimental / Small Satellite
CARTOSAT-1	05.05.2005	PSLV-C6	Earth Observation Satellite
EDUSAT (GSAT-3)	20.09.2004	GSLV-F01	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Resourcesat-1(IRS-P6)	17.10.2003	PSLV-C5	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-3A	10.04.2003	Ariane-5G	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-3E	28.09.2003	Ariane-5G	Geo-Stationary Satellite
GSAT-2	08.05.2003	GSLV-D2	Geo-Stationary Satellite
KALPANA-1(METSAT)	12.09.2002	PSLV-C4	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-3C	24.01.2002	Ariane-42L H10-3	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)	22.10.2001	PSLV-C3	Earth Observation Satellite
GSAT-1	18.04.2001	GSLV-D1	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-3B	22.03.2000	Ariane-5G	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Oceansat(IRS-P4)	26.05.1999	PSLV-C2	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2E	03.04.1999	Ariane-42P H10-3	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-2DT	January 1998	Ariane-44L H10	Geo-Stationary Satellite
IRS-1D	29.09.1997	PSLV-C1	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2D	04.06.1997	Ariane-44L H10-3	Geo-Stationary Satellite
IRS-P3	21.03.1996	PSLV-D3	Earth Observation Satellite
IRS-1C	28.12.1995	Molniya	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2C	07.12.1995	Ariane-44L H10-3	Geo-Stationary Satellite
IRS-P2	15.10.1994	PSLV-D2	Earth Observation Satellite
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2)	04.05.1994	ASLV	Space Mission
IRS-1E	20.09.1993	PSLV-D1	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2B	23.07.1993	Ariane-44L H10+	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-2A	10.07.1992	Ariane-44L H10	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C)	20.05.1992	ASLV	Space Mission
IRS-1B	29.08.1991	Vostok	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-1D	12.06.1990	Delta 4925	Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-1C	21.07.1988	Ariane-3	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2)	13.07.1988	ASLV	Earth Observation Satellite
IRS-1A	17.03.1988	Vostok	Earth Observation Satellite
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1)	24.03.1987	ASLV	Space Mission
INSAT-1B	30.08.1983	Shuttle [PAM-D]	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Rohini (RS-D2)	17.04.1983	SLV-3	Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-1A	10.04.1982	Delta 3910 PAM-D	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Bhaskara-II	20.11.1981	C-1 Intercosmos	Earth Observation Satellite
Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE)	19.06.1981	Ariane-1(V-3)	Geo-Stationary Satellite
Rohini (RS-D1)	31.05.1981	SLV-3	Earth Observation Satellite
Rohini (RS-1)	18.07.1980	SLV-3	Experimental / Small Satellite
Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)	10.08.1979	SLV-3	Experimental / Small Satellite
Bhaskara-I	07.06.1979	C-1 Intercosmos	Earth Observation Satellite
Aryabhata	19.04.1975	C-1 Intercosmos	Experimental / Small Satellite

List of political parties in India

Party	Abbreviation	Secretary-General / President
Indian National Congress	INC	Sonia Gandhi
Bharatiya Janata Party	BJP	Rajnath Singh
Bahujan Samaj Party	BSP	Mayawati
Communist Party of India	CPI	Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy
Nationalist Congress Party	NCP	Sharad Pawar
Communist Party of India (Marxist)	CPI(M)	Prakash Karat

List of Miss World (1951-2013)

Miss World 1951 - Kiki Haakonson, Sweden 
Miss World 1952 - May Louise Flodin, Sweden 
Miss World 1953 - Denise Perrier, France 
Miss World 1954 - Antigone Costanda, Egypt 
Miss World 1955 - Carmen Zubillaga, Venezuela 
Miss World 1956 - Petra Schurmann, Germany 
Miss World 1957 - Marita Lindahl, Finland 
Miss World 1958 - Penelope Coelen, South Africa 
Miss World 1959 - Corine Rottschafer, Holland 
Miss World 1960 - Norma Cappagli, Argentina 
Miss World 1961 - Rosemarie Frankland, United Kingdom 
Miss World 1962 - Catharine Lodders, Holland 
Miss World 1963 - Carole Crawford, Jamaica 
Miss World 1964 - Ann Sidney, United Kingdom 
Miss World 1965 - Lesley Langley, United Kingdom 
Miss World 1966 - Reita Faria, India
Miss World 1967 - Madeiline Hartog Bel, Peru 
Miss World 1968 - Penelope Plummer, Australia 
Miss World 1969 - Eva Reuber Staier, Austria 
Miss World 1970 - Jennifer Hosten, Grenada 
Miss World 1971 - Lucia Petterle, Brazil 
Miss World 1972 - Belina Green, Australia 
Miss World 1973 - Marjorie Wallace, USA 
Miss World 1974 - Anneline Kriel, South Africa 
Miss World 1975 - Winelia Merced, Puerto Rico 
Miss World 1976 - Cindy Breakspeare, Jamaica 
Miss World 1977 - Mary Stavin, Sweden 
Miss World 1978 - Silvana Suarez, Argentina 
Miss World 1979 - Gina Swainson, Bermuda 
Miss World 1980 - Kimberly Santos, Guam 
Miss World 1981 - Pilin Leon, Venezuela 
Miss World 1982 - Mariasela Lebron, Dominican Republic 
Miss World 1983 - Sarah Jane Hutt, United Kingdom 
Miss World 1984 - Astrid Herrera, Venezuela 
Miss World 1985 - Hofi Karlsdottir, Iceland 
Miss World 1986 - Giselle Laronde, Trinidad 
Miss World 1987 - Ulla Weigerstorfer, Austria 
Miss World 1988 - Linda Petursdottir, Iceland 
Miss World 1989 - Andeta Kreglicka, Poland 
Miss World 1990 - Gina Marie Tolleson, USA 
Miss World 1991 - Ninebeth Jiminez, Venezuela 
Miss World 1992 - Julia Kourotchkina, Russia 
Miss World 1993 - Lisa Hanna, Jamaica 
Miss World 1994 - Aishwariya Rai, India 
Miss World 1995 - Jacqueline Aquilera, Venezuela 
Miss World 1996 - Irene Skliva ,Greece 
Miss World 1997 - Diana Hayden, India 
Miss World 1998 - Linor Abargil, Israel 
Miss World 1999 - Yukta Mookhey, India
Miss World 2000 - Priyanka Chopra, India
Miss World 2001 - Ibiagbanidokibubo Asenite Darego—Nigeria
Miss World 2002 - Azra Akin—Turkey
Miss World 2003 - Rosanna Davidson, Ireland 
Miss World 2004 - Maria Julia Mantilla Garcia, Peru
Miss World 2005 - Unnur Birna Vilhjalmsdottir, Iceland
Miss World 2006 - Tat’ana Kucharova, Czech Republic
Miss World 2007 - Zhang Zhi Li, China PR
Miss World 2008 - Ksenia Sukhinova, Russia
Miss World 2009 - Kaiane Aldorino, Gibraltar
Miss World 2010 - Alexandria Mills, USA
Miss World 2011 - Ivian Sarcos, Venezuela
Miss World 2012 - Wen Xia Yu, China PR
Miss World 2013 - Megan Young, Philippines 

About Indian Railways

Indian railways which comprise the chief mode of organized transportation system is the nation’s single largest undertaking with a route length of over 63 thousand kilometers spread over 6853 railway stations. Making a small beginning in April 1853 when the first ever railway train in India commenced its journey from Mumbai to thane, a stretch of only 34 kilometers, Indian railways emerged to be Asia’s largest and the world’s second largest railway system under a single management.

As on march 31, 2011 the Indian railway had a vast network of 7083 stations spread over a route length of 64024 kilometers.

As on march 31, 2011 about 23 percent of the route kilometer, 34 percent of running track kilometer and 34 percent of total track kilometer is electrified, this is the second biggest electrified system in the system, the first being commonwealth of Independent states.

The Indian railway system is now divided into 17 zones. Each zone is headed by a general manager, who is responsible for the railway board for all the zonal affairs such as operation and maintenance of zonal railways and the financial matters pertaining there to.

S.No	Zone	Date of creation	Headquarters
1	Southern	14.04.1951	Chennai
2	Western	05.11.1951	Mumbai (church gate)
3	Cebtrak	05.11.1951	Mumbai (Victoria terminus)
4	Northern	04.04.1952	New delhi
5	Eastern	01.08.1955	Kolkata
6	South Eastern	01.08.1955	Kolkata
7	North- Eastern	14.04.1955	Gorakhpur
8	South Central	02.10.1966	Secunderabad
9	North East Frontier	15.01.1958	Maligaon (Guwahati)
10	North- Central	06.07.2002	Allahabad
11	East- Central	06.07.2002	Hajipur
12	North- Western	10.10.1996	Jaipur
13	East- Coast	06.07.2002	Bhubaneswar
14	South- Western	01.11.1996	Hubli
15	West- Central	06.07.2002	Jabalpur
16	South- East central	06.07.2002	Bilaspur
17	Metro rail	2010	kolkata

Battles and Wars in India

Battle of Hydaspes—In 326 B.C. when Alexander, the great had to turn back from Hydaspes (Beas) when his troops refused to march into India against the Nanda Empire.

Battle of Kalinga—It was fought in 361 B.C. between Ashoka, the great and the king of Kalinga. The war resulted in considerable loss of life and brought misery and suffering to the people. Its impression on Ashoka was so great that he not only turned a Buddhist, but renounced war and violence.

1st Battle of Tarain (1191 A.D.)—Prithvi Raj defeated Mohd. Gauri.

2nd Battle of Tarain (1192 A.D.)—Mohd. Gauri defeated Prithvi Raj and paved the way for Muslim rule in India.

First Battle of Panipat (1526)—Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi. This laid the foundation of Mughal rule in India.

Second Battle of Panipat (1556)—Akbar defeated Hemu. It ended the Afgan Rule and the way was cleared for Mughal rule.

Battle of Talikota (1565)—The united alliance of Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar and Golkunda under Hussain Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of Vijaynagar. It sealed the fate of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijaynagar.

Battle of Haldighati (1576)—Akbar defeated Rana Pratap. The latter had to take refuge in remote fortresses.

Battle of Plassey (1757)—The British under Lord Clive defeated Sirajuddaulah. It laid foundation of the British Rule in India.

Third Battle of Panipat (1761)—Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marahattas. The Marahatta power suffered an irreparable loss.

Battle of Buxer (1764)—The British under Sir Hector Munro defeated the Muslim army under three Mohammadan leaders : Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daulha and Shah Alam II. The battle made the British Supreme in India.

The First Sikh War (1845)—The Sikh Army crossed Sutlej in 1845 at which the East India Company declared war. British occupied Lahore and forced the Sikhs to accept humiliating terms of peace.

The Second Sikh War (1849)—A drawn battle was fought between the English and the Sikhs at Chelianwala in which the English appeared to have suffered heavy losses.

Indo-Pak War (1965)—An indecisive war between India and Pakistan. It led to ‘Taskent Pact’ between the two countries.

Indo-Pak War (1971)—Indian forces in joint command with Bangladesh Army accepted the surrender of the Pak Army in Bangladesh. War in the western sector came to an end as a result of cease-fire on Dec. 17. Bangladesh was liberated.

Kargil War (1999)—Indian forces scored grand victory over Pakistani army and Pak supported mercenaries in a conflict in the Kargil sector of Jammu & Kashmir. The operation was named ‘Operation Vijaya.’ The Indian forces cleared Kargil of all Pakistani elements.

First in India and World

Aircraft Carrier Indian Ship	I.N.S. Vikrant
American president to visit India	Dwight David Eisenhower
Asian Games organized in India	Delhi (in 1951)
atomic Submarine of India	I.N.S. Chakra
British Prime Minister to visit India	Harold Mc Millon
British to visit India	Hawkins
Chief justice of India	Justice Hiralal J. Kania
Chief of Air Staff of India	Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst
Chief of Army Staff of India	General M.Rajendra Singh
Chief of Naval Staff of India	Vice- Admiral R.D Katari
Chinese pilgrim to visit India	Fa-hien
Commander-in-chief of free India	General K.M. Cariappa
Commander-in-chief of Free India	General Roy Bucher
Dalit Speaker of the Lok Sabha	G.M.C. Balyogi
Deputy prime Minister of India	Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
E-business news paper of India	Financial Express
Education Minister of Independent India	Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
Election Commissioner of India	Sukumar Sen
Emperor of Moghul Dynasty in India	Babar
field Marshal of India	General S.F.J. Manekshaw
Foreign recipient of Bharat Ratna	Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Governor General of Bengal	Warren Hastings (1774-85)
Governor General of Ind. India	Lord Mountbattten
Governor General of India	Lord William Bentic (1833-35)
Governor of Bengal	Lord Clive (1757-60)
Home Minister of Independent India	Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
Indian air Chief of India	Air Marshal S. Mukherjee
Indian author to get Anderson Award	Ruskin Bond
Indian Cosmonaut (to go into space )	Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma
Cricketer to make double centuries 5 times	Rahul Dravid
WOman to win in a Wimbledon tourament	Sania Mirza
Governor general of Independent India	C.Rajgopalachari (21 June,1948
I.C.S. Officer	Satyaendra Nath Tagore
Woman to win a medal in World Athletics	Anju Bobby George
Missile	Prithvi
Woman to win the Miss Great Britain Title	Preeti Desai
Pilot	J.R.D. Tata (1929)
Prime Minister to loose an election	Indira Ghandi
Prime Minister to resign from office	Morarji Desai
Recipient of Nobel Prize in Economics	Dr. Amartya Sen
Scientist to get Nobel Prize	C.V. Raman (Physics)
Submarine	I.N.S. Cauveri
United Nations Civilian Police Advisor	Ms. Kiran bedi
To climb Mount Averest	Tenzing Norgay
To fly the U.S. space shuttle	Dr. Kalpana Chawla
To get Bhart Ratna Award	Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
To get Jnanpeeth Award	G. Shankar Kurup
To get Paramvir Chakra	Major Somnath Sharma
To make printing press popular in India	James Hicky
To pass ICS	Surendra Nath Benerjee
To reach Antarctica	Lt. Ram Charan (1960)
To reach the south Pole	Col. I.K.Bajaj
To ski to the north pole	Ajeet Bajaj
To Swim Across English Channel in India	Mihir Sen
To win Magsaysay Award	Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1958)
To win Stalin Award	Saiffudin Kichlu
To win world Billiards Trophy	Wilson Jones
Weightlifter to win bronze medal in Olympics	Karnam Malleshwari
Woman Airline Pilot	Durga Banerjee
Woman Air-vice-Marshal	P. Bandopadhyaya
Woman Chairman and Managing Director of NABARD	Mrs. Ranjana Kumar
Woman cricketer to score adouble century	Mithali Raj
Woman I.P.S. Officer	Kiran Bedi
Woman Merchant Navy Officer	Sonali Banerjee
Woman president of Indian National Congress	Sarojini Naidu (1925)
Woman Speaker of State Assembly in India	Mrs. Shanno Devi
Woman to become Miss Universe	Sushmita Sen
Woman to become Miss World	Miss Reita Faria
Woman to get Ashok Chakra	Nirja Mishra
Woman to get Bharat Ratna	Smt. Indira Gandhi
Woman to get Jnanpith Award	Ashapurna Devi
Woman to get the Nobel Prize	Mother Teresa (1979)
Woman to go into space	Kalpana Chawla
Woman Lt. General in the Indian Army	Puneeta Arora
Woman to swim across the English Channel	Miss Arati Saha (now Mrs. Arati Gupta)
Woman to win a Gold Medal in Asian Games	Kamaljeet Sandhu
Woman to win the Booker Prize	Arundhati Roy
woman to win WTA Title	Sania Mirza
Woman yo cross seven important seas by swimming	Bula Chaudhury
World Chess Champion	Vishwanathan Anand
Large-scale Atomic Reactor of India	Apsara (1956)
Medium range Missile of India	Agni
Minister to resign form Union Cabinet of India	Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (1950)
Muslim President of Indian National Congress	Badruddin Tayab Ji
Muslim President of Indian Republic	Dr. Zakir Hussain
Nuclear Centre of India	Tarapur
Paperless Newspaper of India	The News Today
President of Constituent Assembly of India	Dr. Rajendra Prasad
President of India to die in office	Dr. Zakir Hussain
President of Indian National Congress	W.C. Banerjee
to win Nobel prize in Physics	Subrahmanium Chandrasekhar
Sikh Prime Minister of India	Dr. Manmohan Singh
Speaker of lok Sabha	G.V. Mavlankar (1952-57)
To win an individual Olympic gold for India.	Abhinav Binra
Talkie Film in India	Alam Ara
Test Tube Baby of India	Indira (Baby Harsha)
University of India	Nalanda University
Vice-President of India to die in harness	Krishna Kant
Woman Chief Justice of a High Court in India	Smt. Leela Seth
Woman Judge in Supreme Court in India	Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima Biwi

Women Chief Ministers of Various States

Name	State	Party	Term
Sushma Swaraj	Delhi	BJP	13 Oct to 3 December 1998
Uma Bharti	MP	BJP	2003-2004
Vasundhara Raje	Rajasthan	BJP	2003-2008
Mamata Banerjee	W.Bengal	Trinamool Congress	2011 – present
Sheila Dikshit	Delhi	Congress	1998-present
Rabri Devi	Bihar	RJD	1997—1999, 1999—2000, 2000—2005
Rajinder Kaur Bhattal	Punjab	Congress	April 1996 to February 1997
Mayawati	Uttar Pradesh	BSP	13 June 1995 – 18 October 1995, 21 March 1997 – 21 September 1997, 2002–2003, 2007–2012
J Jayalalithaa	Tamilnadu	AIADMK	1991–1996, 14 May 2001 – 16 September 2001, 2002–2006, 2011 – present
Janaki Ramachandran	Tamilnadu	AIADMK	7 to 30 January 1988
Syeda Anwara Taimur	Assam	Congress	December 1980 to June 1981
Shashikala Kakodkar	GOA	Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party	12 August 1973 to 27 April 1979
Nandini Satpathy	Orissa	Congress	June 1972 to December 1976 & August 1973 to April 1979
Sucheta Kriplani	Uttar Pradesh	Congress	October 1963 to May 1967

Facts about female chief ministers of Indian States

• Sucheta Kriplani is the first woman to be chief minister of any state in India.
• Syeda Anwara Taimur is the first muslim female who became the chief minister.
• J. Jayalalithaa is a film actress who became CM.
• Mayawait is the first dalit CM of any Indian state.
• Mamata Banerjee became CM after uprooting 34 year old Left front rule in the state.
• Vasundhara Raje belongs to royal Maratha Scindia family.
• Sheila Dikshit is the only woman chief minister to lead a government for a third consecutive term.
• Rajinder Kaur Bhattal is the first and only Female CM of Punjab till date.
• Janaki Ramachandran was CM only for 23 days.
• Shashikala Kakodkar is the first female CM of GOA.

Continents Lowest point

Continents	Lowest Point
Asia	Dead Sea
South America	Laguna del Carbón
North America	Death Valley
Africa	Lake Assal
Europe	Caspian Sea
Antarctica	Deep Lake
Australia	Lake Eyre

Continents and Highest Points

Continents	Highest Point
Africa	Mount Kilimanjaro
Antarctica	Vinson Massif
Asia	Mount Everest
Australia	Puncak Jaya
Europe	Mount Elbrus
North America	Mount McKinley
South America	Aconcagua