Important International Boundary Lines

Important International Boundary Lines
Durand Line	Durand Line   It is the line demarcating the boundaries of India and Afghanistan. It was drawn up in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand. India recognizes Durand Line but Afghanistan does not.
Hindenburg Line	Hindenburg Line   It is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The German marched to this line in 1917 during World War I.
Mason-Dixon Line	Mason-Dixon Line    is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State.
Marginal Line	Marginal Line    was the 320 km line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. Drawn up by General Mannerheim.
Macmahon Line	Macmahon Line    was drawn up by Sir Henry MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of India and China. China did not recognize the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962.
Medicine Line	Medicine Line    is the border between Canada and the United States.
Order-Neisse Line	Order-Neisse Line   It is the border between Poland and Germany running along the Oder and Neisse rivers; adopted after the Poland Conference ( August 1945 ) after the World War II.
Radcliffe Line	Radcliffe Line    was drawn up by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, demarcating the boudary between India and Pakistan. Siegfried Line is the line of fortification drawn up by Germany on its border with France.
17th Parallel	17th Parallel    defined the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before two were united.
24th Parallel	24th Parallel    is the line which Pakistan claims for demarcation between India and Pakistan. This, however, is not recognized by India
26th Parallel	26th Parallel    south is a circle of latitude which crosses through Africa, Australia and South America.
30th Parallel	30th Parallel    north is a line of latitude that stands one-third of the way between the equator and the North Pole.
33rd Parallel	33rd Parallel    north is a circle of latitude which cuts through the southern United States, parts of North Africa, parts of the Middle East, and China.
35th Parallel	35th Parallel    north forms the boundary between the State of North Carolina and the State of Georgia and the boundary between the State of Tennessee arid the State of Georgia, the State of Albama, and the State of Mississippi.
36th Parallel	36th Parallel    forms the southermost boundary of the State of Missouri with the State of Arkansas.
36o30' Parallel	36o30' Parallel    north forms the boundary between the Tenessee and the Commonwealth of Kentucky between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River, the boundary between Missouri and Arkansas west of the White River, and the northermost boundary between the Texas and the Oklahoma.
37th Parallel	37th Parallel    north formed the southern boundary of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
38th Parallel	38th Parallel    is the parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South Korea.
39th Parallel	39th Parallel    north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of Earth's equatorial plane.
40th Parallel	40th Parallel    north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland.
41st Parallel	41st Parallel    north forms the northern boundary of the State of Colorado with Nebraska and Wyoming and the southern boundary of the State of Wyoming with Colorado and Utah.
42nd Parallel	42nd Parallel    north forms most of the New York - Pennsylvania Border.
43rd Parallel	43rd Parallel    north forms most of the boundary between the State of Nebraska and the State of South Dakota and also formed the northern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
The Parallel 44o north	The Parallel 44o north    is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 44 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
45th Parallel north	45th Parallel north    is often the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole. The 45th parallel makes up most of the boundary between Montana and Wyoming.
49th Parallel	49th Parallel    is the boundary between USA and Canada.
Zambezi River	Zambezi River   the boundary proceeds eastwards in a straight line to a point on the international boundary between Zambia and Zimbabwe

Largest Producers of crops in India

• The largest producer of wheat in India -Uttar Pradesh
• The largest producer of sugarcane in India -Uttar Pradesh
• The largest producer of groundnut in India -Gujarat
• The largest producer of tea in India - Assam
• The largest producer of coffee in India -Karnataka
• The largest producer of jute in India -West Bengal
• The largest producer of tobacco in India -Andhra Pradesh
• The largest producer of bananas in India -Tamilnadu
• The largest producer of onion in India -Maharashtra
• The largest producer of black pepper in India -Kerala

Cropping Seasons in India

Kharif Crops: Sown in summers between May and July, and harvested after the rains, in September and October. Eg: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.

Rabi Crops: Sown at the beginning of winter and harvested before the onset of the summer season, between Feb and April. Eg: Wheat, barley, oilseeds, gram, potatoes, etc.

Zayad Crops: They are raised between April and June. E.g. : Melon, watermelon, cucumber, toris, leafy and other vegetables.

Cash Crops of India (Commercial Crops): Grown mainly for the market, only a small portion
of the product is consumed by the farmers themselves (cotton, sugarcane etc.

cyclones

• Cyclones – in the Indian Ocean
• Hurricanes – in the Caribbean Islands
• Typhoons – in the China Sea
• Willy-Willies – in the North West Australia
• Tornadoes – in coastal US.
• Twisters – in Mississippi Valley, USA

Solar System Some Facts

• Biggest Planet: Jupiter
• Smallest Planet: Mercury
• Nearest Planet to Sun: Mercury
• Farthest Planet from Sun: Neptune
• Nearest Planet to Earth: Venus
• Brightest Planet: Venus
• Brightest star after Sun Sirius
• Planet with maximum satellites: Jupiter
• Coldest Planet: Neptune
• Hottest Planet: Venus
• Heaviest Planet: Jupiter
• Red Planet: Mars
• Biggest Satellite: Gannymede
• Smallest Satellite: Deimos
• Blue Planet: Earth
• Morning/Evening Star: Venus
• Earth's Twin: Venus
• Green Planet: Neptune
• Planet with a big red spot: Jupiter
• Lord of the Heavens: Jupiter
• Greatest Diurnal Temperature: Mercury

Chief Election Commissioners of India From 1950 to till date

1.	Sukumar Sen	21 March 1950 to 19 December 1958
2.	KVK Sundaram	20 December 1958 to 30 September 1967
3.	SP Sen Verma	1 October 1967 to 30 September 1972
4.	Dr Nagendra Singh	1 October 1972 to 6 February 1973
5.	T Swaminathan	7 February 1973 to 17 June 1977
6.	SL Shakdhar	18 June 1977 to 17 June 1982
7.	RK Trivedi	18 June 1982 to 31 December 1985
8.	RVS Peri Sastri	1 January 1986 to 25 November 1990
9.	Smt VS Ramadevi	26 November 1990 to 11 December 1990
10.	T.N. Seshan	12 December 1990 to 11 December 1996
11.	MS Gill	12 December 1996 to 13 June 2001
12.	JM Lyngdoh	14 June 2001 to 7 February 2004
13.	TS Krishna Murthy	8 February 2004 to 15 May 2005
14.	BB Tandon	16 May 2005 - 29 June 2006
15.	N Gopalaswami	30 June 2006 - 20 April 2009
16.	Navin Chawla	21 April 2009 - 29 July 2010
17.	S.Y. Qureshi	30 July 2010 - 10 June 2012
18.	V. S. Sampath	11 June 2012 - 07 August 2012
19.	Dr. Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi	07 August 2012 - Incumbent

Chief Justices of India From the Year 1950 to till date

Harilal J. Kania	26 January 1950-6 November 1951
M. Patanjali Sastri	7 November 1951-3 January 1954
Mehar Chand Mahajan	4 January 1954-22 December 1954
B.K.Mukherjee	23 December 1954-31 January 1956
S.R. Das	1 February 1956-30 September 1959
Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha	1 October 1959-31 January 1964
P.B. Gajendragadhkar	1 February 1964-15 March 1966
A.K. Sarkar	16 March 1966-29 June 1966
K. Subba Rao	30 June 1966-11 April 1967
K.N. Wanchoo	12 April 1967-24 February 1968
M. Hidayatullah	25 February 1968-16 December 1970
J.C.Shah	17 December 1970-21 January 1971
S.M. Sikri	22 January 1971-25 April 1973
A.N. Ray	26 April 1973-27 January 1977
M.H. Bag	28 January 1977-21 February 1978
Y.V. Chandrachud	22 February 1978-11 July 1985
Prafullchandra Natvarlal Bhagwati	12 July 1985-20 December 1986
R.S. Pathak	21 December 1986-18 June 1989
E.S.Venkatasaramiah	19 June 1989-17 December 1989
S.Mukharjee	18 December 1989-25 September 1990
Ranganath Mishra	25 September 1990-24 November 1991
K.N. Singh	25 November 1991-12 December 1991
M.H. Kania	13 December 1991-17 November 1992
L.M.Sharma	18 November 1992-11 February 1993
M.M. Venkatchaliah	12 February 1993-24 October 1994
A.M.Ahmadi	25 October 1994-24 March 1997
J.S.Verma	25 March 1997-17 January 1998
M.M.Punchhi	18 January 1998-9 October 1998
A.S.Anand	10 October 1998- 31 October 2001
S.P.Barucha	1 November 2001- 6 May 2002
B.N. Kirpal	6 May 2002- 7 November 2002
Gopal Ballav Pattanaik	8 November 2002 - 18 December 2002
Visheshwar Nath (V.N) Khare	19 December 2002-2nd May 2004
Rajendra Babu	2nd May 2004- 1st June 2004
Ramesh Chandra Lahoti	1st June 2004- 1st November 2005
Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal	1st November 2005- 14th January , 2007
K. G. Balakrishnan	14th January 2007- 12 May 2010
S.H.Kapadia	12 May 2010 - 28 July 2012
Altamas Kabir	29 September 2012 - 7 July 2013
P. Sathasivam	19 July 2013 - 26 March 2014
R.M. Lodha	27 March 2014 - continuing

salary of president of india

Currently:

As president, Pranab Mukherjee salary will be Rs.1.5 lakh for a month.

He will stay in Rashtrapati Bhavan.

His official car will be a bulletproof Mercedes Benz.

Near about 200 staff will be in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

After Retirement:

On retirement, he will get Rs.75,000 (at current rates) for a month as pension.
A furnished rent free bungalow.
Two free landline and a mobile phones,
Five personal staff including a private secretary.
An official car and staff expenses of Rs.60,000 a year.
He can travel free with a companion by train or air.

List of Speakers of the Lok Sabha

No.	Name	From	To	Lok Sabha	Party
1	Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar	15-May-52	27-Feb-56	1st	Indian National Congress
2	M. A. Ayyangar	08-Mar-56	10-May-57	1st	Indian National Congress
3	M. A. Ayyangar	11-May-57	16-Apr-62	2nd	Indian National Congress
4	Sardar Hukam Singh	17-Apr-62	16-Mar-67	3rd	Indian National Congress
5	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	17-Mar-67	19-Jul-69	4th	Indian National Congress
6	Gurdial Singh Dhillon	08-Aug-69	19-Mar-71	4th	Indian National Congress
7	Gurdial Singh Dhillon	22-Mar-71	01-Dec-75	5th	Indian National Congress
8	Bali Ram Bhagat	15-Jan-76	25-Mar-77	5th	Indian National Congress
9	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	26-Mar-77	13-Jul-77	6th	Janata Party
10	K. S. Hegde	21-Jul-77	21-Jan-80	6th	Janata Party
11	Balram Jakhar	22-Jan-80	15-Jan-85	7th	Indian National Congress
12	Balram Jakhar	16-Jan-85	18-Dec-89	8th	Indian National Congress
13	Rabi Ray	19-Dec-89	09-Jul-91	9th	Janata Dal
14	Shivraj Patil	10-Jul-91	22-May-96	10th	Indian National Congress
15	P. A. Sangma	23-May-96	23-Mar-98	11th	Indian National Congress
16	G. M. C. Balayogi	24-Mar-98	20-Oct-99	12th	Telugu Desam Party
17	G. M. C. Balayogi	22-Oct-99	03-Mar-02	12th	Telugu Desam Party
18	Manohar Joshi	10-May-02	02-Jun-04	13th	Shiv Sena
19	Somnath Chatterjee	04-Jun-04	30-May-09	14th	Communist Party of India (Marxist)
20	Meira Kumar	30-May-09	03-Jun-14	15th	Indian National Congress
21	Sumitra Mahajan	06-Jun-14	Incumbent	16th	Bharatiya Janata Party

Prime Minister of india (1947-2014)

No	Name	Period	Political party
1	Jawahar Lal Nehru	15-Aug-1947 to 27-May-1964	Indian NationalCongress
2	Gulzarilal Nanda	27-May-1964 to 9 June 1964	Indian NationalCongress
3	Lal Bahadur Shastri	09-Jun-1964 to 11-Jan-1966	Indian NationalCongress
4	Gulzarilal Nanda	11-Jan-1966 to 24 January 1966	Indian NationalCongress
5	Indira Gandhi	24-Jan-1966 to 24-Mar-1977	Indian NationalCongress
6	Morarji Desai	24-Mar-1977 to 28-Jul-1979	Janata Party
7	Charan Singh	28-Jul-1979 to 14-Jan-1980	Janata Party
8	Indira Gandhi	14-Jan-1980 to 31-Oct-1984	Indian NationalCongress
9	Rajiv Gandhi	31-Oct-1984 to 02-Dec-1989	Indian National Congress(Indira)
10	Vishwanath PratapSingh	02-Dec-1989 to 10-Nov-1990	Janata Dal
11	Chandra Shekhar	10-Nov-1990 to 21-Jun-1991	Samajwadi JanataParty
12	P. V. Narasimha Rao	21-Jun-1991 to 16-May-1996	Indian NationalCongress
13	Atal Bihari Vajpayee	16-May-1996 to 01-Jun-1996	Bharatiya JanataParty
14	H. D. Deve Gowda	01-Jun-1996 to 21-Apr-1997	Janata Dal
15	Atal Bihari Vajpayee	19-Mar-1998 to 22-May-2004	Bharatiya JanataParty
16	Dr. Manmohan   Singh	22-May-2004 to 26-May-2014	Indian NationalCongress
17	Narendra Modi	26-May-2014  to Incumbent	Bharatiya JanataParty