World Presidents and Prime Ministers 2017

A
Afghanistan : Capital - Kabul; President - Mohammad Ashraf Ghani
Albania : Capital - Tirana; President - Bujar Nishani; Prime Minister - Edi Rama
Algeria : Capital - Algiers; President - Abdelaziz Bouteflika; Prime Minister - Abdelmadjid Tebboune
Angola : Capital - Luanda; President - Jose Eduardo Dos Santos
Antigua and Barbuda : Capital - St. John's; Governor General-Sir Rodney Williams, Prime Minister - Gaston Browne
Argentina : Capital - Buenos Aires; President - Mauricio Macri
Armenia : Capital - Yerevan; President - Serzh Sargsyan; Prime Minister - Karen Karapetyan
Aruba : Capital - Oranjestad; Governor-Alfonso Boekhoudt; Prime Minister - Mike Eman
Australia : Capital - Canberra; Governor General-Sir Peter Cosgrove; Prime Minister - Malcolm Turnbull
Austria : Capital - Vienna; President - Alexander Van der Bellen; Chancellor-Christian Kern
Azerbaijan : Capital - Baku; President - Ilham Aliyev; Prime Minister - Artur Rasizade

B
Bahamas, The : Capital - Nassau; Governor General-Marguerite Pindling; Prime Minister - Hubert Minnis

Bahrain : Capital - Manama; King-Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; Prime Minister - Khalifa Bin Salman Al Khalifa
Bangladesh : Capital - Dhaka; President - Abdul Hamid; Prime Minister - Sheikh Hasina
Barbados : Capital - Bridgetown; Governor General-Elliot Belgrave; Prime Minister - Freundel Stuart
Belarus : Capital - Minsk; President - Aleksandr Lukashenko; Prime Minister - Andrei Kobyakov
Belgium : Capital - City of Brussels; King-Philippe; Prime Minister - Charles Michel
Belize : Capital - Belmopan; Governor General-Sir Colville Young; Prime Minister - Dean Oliver Barrow
Benin : Capital - Porto-Novo; President - Patrice Talon; Prime Minister - Lionel Zinsou
Bhutan - NDE : Capital - Thimphu; King-Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck; Prime Minister-Tshering Tobgay
Bolivia : Capital - Sucre; President - Juan Evo Morales Ayma
Botswana : Capital - Gaborone; President - Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Brazil : Capital - Brasília; President - Michel Temer
Brunei : Capital - Bandar Seri Begawan; Sultan-Sir Hassanal Bolkiah; Crown Prince - Al-Muhtadee Billah  
Bulgaria : Capital - Sofia; President - Rumen Radev; Prime Minister - Boyko Borisov
Burkina Faso : Capital - Ouagadougou; President - (Acting) Roch Marc Christian Kaboré; Prime Minister - Paul Kaba Thieba 
Burundi : Capital - Bujumbura; President - Pierre Nkurunziza

C
Cape Verde : Capital - Praia; President - Jorge Carlos De Almeida Fonseca; Prime Minister - Ulisses Correia e Silva
Cambodia : Capital - Phnom Penh; King-Norodom Sihamoni; Prime Minister - Hun Sen
Cameroon : Capital - Yaoundé; President - Paul Biya; Prime Minister - Philemon Yang
Canada : Ottawa; Governor General-David Johnston; Prime Minister - Justin Trudeau
Central African Republic : Capital - Bangui; President -Faustin-Archange Touadéra; Prime Minister - Simplice Sarandji
Chad : Capital - N'djamena; President - Idriss Deby Itno; Prime Minister - Albert Pahimi Padacke
Chile : Capital - Santiago; President - Michelle Bachelet
China : Capital - Beijing; President - Xi Jinping; Prime Minister - Li Keqiang
Colombia : Capital - Bogotá; President - Juan Manuel Santos
Comoros : Capital - Moroni; President: Azali Assoumani
Congo, Democratic Republic of The : Capital - Kinshasa; President - Joseph Kabila; Prime Minister - Bruno Tshibala
Congo, Republic of The : Capital - Brazzaville; President  - Denis Sassou Nguess; Prime Minister - Clement Mouamba
Cook Islands : Capital - Avarua; Prime Minister - Henry Puna
Costa Rica : Capital - San José; President - Luis Guillermo Solís
Cote D'ivoire : Capital - Yamoussoukro; President - Alassane Dramane Ouattara; Prime minister: Amadou Gon Coulibaly
Croatia : Capital - Zagreb; President - Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic; Prime Minister - Andrej Plenkovic
Cuba - NDE : Capital - Havana; President - Raul Castro; Prime minister: Raul Castro
Cyprus : Capital - Nicosia; President - Nicos Anastasiades
Czech Republic : Capital - Prague; President - Milos Zeman; Prime Minister - Bohuslav Sobotka
D
Denmark : Capital - Copenhagen; Queen-Margrethe II; Prime Minister - Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Djibouti : Capital - Djibouti; President - Ismail Omar Guelleh; Prime Minister - Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Dominica : Capital - Roseau; President - Charles Savarin; Prime Minister - Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic : Capital - Santo Domingo; President - Danilo Medina Sanchez
E
Ecuador : Capital - Quito; President - Lenín Moreno
Egypt : Capital - Cairo - President - Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi; Prime Minister - Sherif Ismail
El Salvador : Capital - San Salvador; President - Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Equatorial Guinea : Capital - Malabo; President - Brig. General Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo; Prime minister: Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
Eritrea : Capital - Asmara; President - Isaias Afwerki
Estonia : Capital - Tallinn; President - Kersti Kaljulaid; Prime Minister - Jüri Ratas
Ethiopia : Capital - Addis Ababa; President - Mulatu Teshome; Prime Minister - Hailemariam Desalegn
F
Fiji : Capital - Suva; President - George Konrote; Prime Minister - Frank Bainimarama
Finland : Capital - Helsinki; President - Sauli Niinisto; Prime Minister - Juha Sipila
France : Capital - Paris; President - Emmanuel Macron; Prime Minister - Edouard Philippe
G
Gabon : Capital - Libreville; President - Ali Ben Bongo Ondimba; Prime Minister - Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet
Gambia, The : Capital - Banjul; President - Adama Barrow
Georgia : Capital - Tbilisi; President - Giorgi Margvelashvili; Prime Minister - Giorgi Kvirikashvili
Germany : Capital - Berlin; President -Frank-Walter Steinmeier; Chancellor-Angela Merkel
Ghana : Capital - Accra; President - Nana Akufo-Addo
Greece : Capital - Athens; President - Prokopis Pavlopoulos; Prime Minister - Alexis Tsipras
Grenada : Capital - St. George's; Governor General-Cecile La Grenade; Prime Minister - Keith Mitchell
Guatemala : Capital - Guatemala City; President - Jimmy Morales
Guinea : Capital - Conakry; President - Alpha Conde; Prime Minister - Mamady Youla
Guinea-Bissau : Capital - Bissau; President - José Mário Vaz; Prime Minister - Umaro Sissoco Embalo
Guyana : Capital - Georgetown; President - David A. Granger; Prime Minister - Moses Nagamootoo
H
Haiti : Capital - Port-Au-Prince; President - Jovenel Moïse; Prime Minister - Jack Guy Lafontant
Honduras : Capital - Tegucigalpa; President - Juan Orlando Hernandez Alvarado
Hungary : Capital - Budapest; President - Janos Ader; Prime Minister - Viktor Orban
I
Iceland : Capital - Reykjavik; President - Guðni Th. Jóhannesson; Prime Minister - Bjarni Benediktsson
India : Capital - New Delhi; President - Ram Nath Kovind; Prime Minister - Narendra Modi
Indonesia : Capital - Jakarta; President - Joko Widodo
Iran - NDE : Capital - Tehran; President - Hassan Rouhani
Iraq : Capital - Baghdad; President - Fuad Masum; Prime Minister - Haider al-Abadi
Ireland : Capital - Dublin; President - Michael Daniel Higgins; Prime Minister - Leo Varadkar
Israel : Capital - Jerusalem; President - Reuven Rivlin; Prime Minister - Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu
Italy : Capital - Rome; President - Sergio Mattarella; Prime Minister - Paolo Gentiloni
J
Jamaica : Capital - Kingston; Governor General - Sir Patrick Allen; Prime Minister - Andrew Holness
Japan : Capital - Tokyo; Emperor-Akihito; Prime Minister - Shinzo Abe
Jordan : Capital - Amman; King-Abdallah II; Prime Minister - Hani Al-Mulki
K
Kazakhstan : Capital - Astana; President - Nursultan Nazarbayev; Prime Minister - Bakhytzhan Sagintayev
Kenya : Capital - Nairobi; President - Uhuru Kenyatta
Kiribati : Capital - Tarawa; President - Taneti Mamau
Korea North, NDE : Capital - Pyongyang;  Supreme leader: Kim Jong-un
Korea, South : Capital - Seoul; President - Moon Jae-in; Prime Minister - Lee Nak-yeon
Kosovo : Capital - Pristina; President - Hashim Thaçi; Prime Minister - Isa Mustafa
Kuwait : Capital - Kuwait City; Amir-Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah; Prime Minister - Jaber Mubarak al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan : Capital - Bishkek; President - Almazbek Atambaev; Prime Minister - Sooronbay Jeenbekov
L
Laos : Capital - Vientiane; President - Bounnhang Vorachith; Prime Minister - Thongloun Sisoulith
Latvia : Capital - Riga; President - Raimonds Vējonis; Prime Minister - Maris Kucinskis
Lebanon : Capital - Beirut; President -Michel Aoun ; Prime Minister - Saad Hariri
Lesotho : Capital - Maseru; King-Letsie III; Prime Minister - Tom Thabane
Liberia : Capital - Monrovia; President - Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Libya : Capital - Tripoli; President - Aguila Salah Issa; Prime Minister - Fayez al-Sarraj
Liechtenstein : Capital - Vaduz; Prince - Hans Adam II; Prime Minister - Adrian Hasler
Lithuania : Capital - Vilnius; President - Dalia Grybauskaite; Prime Minister - Saulius Skvernelis
Luxembourg : Capital - Luxembourg; Monarch - Henri; Prime Minister - Xavier Bettel
M
Macedonia : Capital - Skopje; President - Gjorge Ivanov; Prime Minister - Zoran Zaev
Madagascar : Capital - Antananarivo; President - Hery Martial Rajaonarimampianina Rakotoari; Prime Minister - Olivier Solonandrasana
Malawi : Capital - Lilongwe; President - Peter Mutharika
Malaysia : Capital - Kuala Lumpur; King-Muhammad V; Prime Minister - Najib Razak
Maldives : Capital - Malé; President - Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom
Mali : Capital - Bamako; President - Ibrahim Boubacar Keita; Prime Minister - Abdoulaye Idrissa
Malta : Capital - Valletta; President - Marie Louise Coleiro Preca; Prime Minister - Joseph Muscat
Marshall Islands : Capital - Majuro; President - Hilda Heine
Mauritania : Capital - Nouakchott; President - Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz; Prime Minister - Yahya Ould Hademine
Mauritius : Capital - Port Louis; President - Ameenah Gurib; Prime Minister - Pravind Jugnauth
Mexico : Capital - Mexico City; President - Enrique Pena Nieto
Federated States of Micronesia : Capital - Palikir; President - Peter M. Christian 
Moldova : Capital - Chișinău; President - Igor Dodon; Prime Minister - Pavel Filip
Mongolia : Capital - Ulan Bator; President - Tsakhia Elbegdorj; Prime Minister - Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat
Montenegro : Capital - Podgorica; President - Filip Vujanovic; Prime Minister - Dusko Markovic
Morocco : Capital - Rabat; King-Mohammed VI; Prime Minister - Saadeddine Othmani
Mozambique : Capital - Maputo; President - Filipe Nyusi; Prime Minister - Carlos Agostinho do Rosário
Myanmar : Capital - Naypyidaw; President - Htin Kyaw
N
Namibia : Capital - Windhoek; President - Hage Geingob; Prime Minister - Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
Nauru : Capital - Yaren ; President - Pushpa Kamal Dahal
Nepal : Capital - Kathmandu; President - Bidhya Devi Bhandari; Prime Minister: Sher Bahadur Deuba
Netherlands : Capital - Amsterdam; King-Willem-Alexander; Prime Minister - Mark Rutte
New Zealand : Capital - Wellington; Governor General- Dame Patsy Reddy; Prime Minister - Bill English
Nicaragua : Capital - Managua; President - Daniel Ortega Saavedra 
Niger : Capital - Niamey; President - Mahamadou Issoufou; Prime Minister - Brigi Rafini
Nigeria : Capital - Abuja; President - Muhammadu Buhari
Norway : Capital - Oslo; King-Harald V; Prime Minister - Erna Solberg
O-P
Oman : Capital - Muscat; Sultan-Qaboos bin Said Al Said; Deputy Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said
Pakistan : Capital - Islamabad; President - Mamnoon Hussain; Prime Minister - Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
Palau : Capital - Ngerulmud; President - Tommy Remengesau
Panama : Capital - Panama City; President - Juan Carlos Varela
Papua New Guinea : Capital - Port Moresby; Governor General - Bob Dadae; Prime Minister - Peter Paire O'neill
Paraguay : Capital - Asunción; President - Horacio Cartes Jara
Peru : Capital - Lima; President - Pedro Pablo Kuczynski; Prime Minister - Fernando Zavala Lombardi
Philippines : Capital - Manila; President - Rodrigo Duterte
Poland : Capital - Warsaw; President - Andrzej Duda; Prime Minister - Beata Szydło
Portugal : Capital - Lisbon; President - Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa; Prime Minister - António Costa
Q-R
Qatar : Capital - Doha; Emir - Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani; Prime Minister - Abdallah Bin Nasir Bin Khalifa Al Thani
Romania : Capital - Bucharest; President - Klaus Iohannis; Prime Minister - Mihai Tudose
Russia : Capital - Moscow; President - Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; Prime Minister - Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev
Rwanda : Capital - Kigali; President - Paul Kagame; Prime Minister - Anastase Murekezi
S
Saint Kitts and Nevis : Capital - Basseterre; Governor General - Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton; Prime Minister - Timothy Harris
Saint Lucia : Capital - Castries; Governor General- Dame Pearlette Louisy; Prime Minister - Allen Chastanet
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines : Capital - Kingstown; Governor General - Sir Frederick Nathaniel Ballantyne; Prime Minister - Ralph Everard Gonsalves
Samoa : Capital - Apia; Prime Minister - Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi
Sao Tome and Principe : Capital - São Tomé; President - Evaristo Carvalho; Prime Minister - Patrice Trovoada
Saudi Arabia : Capital - Riyadh; King-Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Senegal : Capital - Dakar; President - Macky Sall; Prime Minister - Mohammed Dionne
Serbia : Capital - Belgrade; President - Aleksandar Vucic; Prime Minister - Ana Brnabic
Seychelles : Capital - Victoria; President - Danny Faure
Sierra Leone : Capital - Freetown; President - Ernest Bai Koroma
Singapore : Capital - Singapore; President - Tony Tan Keng Yam; Prime Minister - Lee Hsien Loong
Slovakia : Capital - Bratislava; President - Andrej Kiska; Prime Minister - Robert Fico
Slovenia : Capital - Ljubljana; President - Borut Pahor; Prime Minister - Miro Cerar
Solomon Islands : Capital - Honiara; Governor General - Frank Ofagioro Kabui; Prime Minister - Manasseh Sogavare
Somalia : Capital - Mogadishu; President - Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed; Prime Minister - Hassan Ali Khayre
South Africa : Capital - Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein; President - Jacob Zuma
South Sudan : Capital - Juba; President - Salva Kiir Mayardit
Spain : Capital - Madrid; Monarch - Felipe VI, Prime Minister - Mariano Rajoy
Sri Lanka : Capital - Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte; President - Maithripala Sirisena; Prime Minister - Ranil Wickremesinghe
Sudan : Capital - Khartoum; President - Omar al-Bashir, Prime Minister - Bakri Hassan Saleh
Suriname : Capital - Paramaribo; President - Dési Bouterse
Swaziland : Capital - Lobamba, Mbabane; King-Mswati III; Prime Minister - Barnabus Sibusiso Dlamini
Sweden : Capital - Stockholm; King - Carl XVI Gustaf; Prime Minister - Stefan Löfven
Syria : Capital - Damascus; President - Bashar Al-Asad; Prime Minister - Imad Khamis
T
Taiwan - NDE : Capital - Taipei; President - Tsai Ing-wen
Tajikistan : Capital - Dushanbe; President - Emomali Rahmon; Prime Minister - Kohir Rasulzoda
Tanzania : Capital - Dodoma; President - John Magufuli; Prime Minister - Kassim Majaliwa
Thailand : Capital - Bangkok; Monarch - Maha Vajiralongkorn; Prime Minister - Prayut Chan-o-cha
Timor-East : Capital - Dili; President - Francisco Guterres; Prime Minister - Rui Maria de Araújo
Togo : Capital - Lomé; President - Faure Gnassingbe; Prime Minister - Komi Sélom Klassou
Tonga : Capital - NukuʻAlofa; King-Tupou VI; Prime Minister - Akilisi Pohiva
Trinidad and Tobago : Capital - Port of Spain; President - Anthony Thomas Aquinas Carmona; Prime Minister - Keith Rowley
Tunisia : Capital - Tunis; President - Beji Caid Essebsi; Prime Minister - Youssef Chahed
Turkey : Capital - Ankara; President - Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; Prime Minister - Binali Yıldırım
Turkmenistan : Capital - Ashgabat; President - Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Tuvalu : Capital - Funafuti; Governor General - Iakoba Italeli; Prime Minister - Enele Sopoaga
U
Uganda : Capital - Kampala; President -Yoweri Kaguta Museveni; Prime Minister - Ruhakana Rugunda
Ukraine : Capital - Kiev; President - Petro Poroshenko; Prime Minister - Volodymyr Groysman
United Arab Emirates : Capital - Abu Dhabi; President - Khalifa Bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan; Prime Minister - Muhammad Bin Rashid Al Maktum
United States of America : Capital - Washington, D.C., President - Donald Trump
United Kingdom : Capital - London; Queen-Elizabeth II; Prime Minister - Theresa May
Uruguay : Capital - Montevideo; President - Tabaré Vázquez
Uzbekistan : Capital - Tashkent; President - Shavkat Mirziyoyev; Prime Minister - Abdulla Oripov
V
Vanuatu : Capital - Port Vila; President - Baldwin Lonsdale; Prime Minister - Charlot Salwai
Venezuela : Capital - Caracas; President - Nicolas Maduro Moros
Vietnam : Capital - Hanoi; President - Tran Dai Quang; Prime Minister - Nguyen Xuan Phuc
Yemen : Capital - Sana'a; President - Fd. Mar. Abd Rabuh Mansur Hadi; Prime Minister - Ahmed Obeid bin Daghr 
Z
Zambia : Capital - Lusaka; President - Edgar Lungu
Zimbabwe : Capital - Harare; President - Robert Gabriel Mugabe

INDIAN POLITY PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMS

1. Consider the following tasks:
1. Superintendence, direction and conduct of free and fair elections
2. Preparation of electoral rolls for all elections to the Parliament, State Legislatures and the Office of the President and the Vice-President.
3. Giving recognition to political parties and allotting election symbols to political parties and individuals contesting the election
4. Proclamation of final verdict in the case of election disputes.
Which of the above are the functions of the Election Commission of India?
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 4

2. The "Instrument of Instructions" contained in the Government of India Act 1935 have been incorporated in the Constitution of India in the year 1950 as:
a) Fundamental Rights
b) Directive Principles of State Policy
c) Extent of executive power of State
d) Conduct of business of the Government of India

3. In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to?
1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.
2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to LokSabha.
3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister's 15-Point Programme.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

4. India is home to lakhs of persons with disabilities. What are the benefits available to them under the law?
1. Free schooling till the age of 18 years in government-run schools.
2. Preferential allotment of land for setting up business.
3. Ramps in public buildings.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

5. Consider the following statements: In India, a Metropolitan Planning Committee:
1. Is constituted under the provisions of the Constitution of India.
2. Prepares the draft development plans for metropolitan area.
3. Has the sole responsibility for implementing Government sponsored schemes in the metropolitan area.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 only
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

6. In the areas covered under the Panchayat (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, what is the role/power of Gram Sabha?
1. Gram Sabha has the power to prevent alienation of land in the Scheduled Areas.
2. GramSabha has the ownership of minor forest produce.
3. Recommendation of Gram Sabha is required for granting prospecting licence or mining lease for any mineral in the Scheduled Areas.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 2 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

7. Which of the following is/are the principal feature(s) of the Government of India Act, 1919?
1. Introduction of diarchy in the executive government of the provinces.
2. Introduction of separate communal electorates for Muslims.
3. Devolution of legislative authority by the centre to the provinces.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) Only 1
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

8. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India have a bearing on Education?
1. Directive Principles of State Policy.
2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies.
3. Fifth Schedule.
4. Sixth Schedule.
5. Seventh Schedule.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1 and 2
b) 3, 4 and 5
c) 1, 2 and 5
d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

9. With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements:
1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

10. consider the following statements:
1. The constitution of India does not define backward classes.
2. Providing for quotas to socially, economically and educationally backward classes is mentioned in the DPSP outside of Part IV of the constitution.
Which of these is/are true?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both
d) None

11. Money bill is defined under:
a) Article 109
b) Article 111
c) Article 199
d) None of the above

12. Choose the correct statement regarding the constituent assembly?
1. The Constituent Assembly was a sovereign body.
2. The Constituent Assembly was a legislative body apart from constitution making body.
Pick the correct code:
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both
d) None

13. Consider the following Indian Religious Communities:
1. Sikhs
2. Buddhists
3. Jains
4. Parsis
Which among the above have been conferred the 'minority' status by the Government of India?
a) 1 and 4
b) 1, 2 and 4
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

14. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse are either implicit or explicit under:
1. Article 19
2. Article 301
a) 1, 2
b) Only 1
c) Only 2
d) None

15. Who can make a law giving, or authorising the giving of, any preference or making, or authorising the making of, any discrimination if it is declared by such law that it is necessary to do
so for the purpose of dealing with a situation arising from scarcity of goods in any part of the territory of India
a) Parliament
b) State legislature
c) Both
d) none

16. Who can impose restrictions on goods imported from other States or the Union territories any tax to which similar goods manufactured or produced in that State are subject, so, however, as not to
discriminate between goods so imported and goods so manufactured or produced; and impose such reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse with or within that
State as may be required in the public interest:
a) Parliament
b) State legislature
c) Both
d) Neither

17. Who can constitute a interstate trade commission?
a) President
b) Parliament
c) Supreme court
d) Parliament on the request of two or more states

18. Which of the following are considered as the constitutional amendment under article 368?
1. Reorganisation of states
2. Linguistic provisions
3. Salaries of the MPs
a) 1, 2, 3
b) 1, 2
c) Only 3
d) None

19. Which of the following provisions in the amendment to the constitution shall also require to
be ratified by the Legislature of not less than one half of the States by resolution to that effect
passed by those Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented to the President for assent
1. Article 54 and 55
2. Article 73
3. Article 162
4. Article 241
a) 1, 2, 3, 4
b) 1, 2, 3
c) 2, 3
d) 1, 4

20. In the amendment of which of the following the participation of the states shall also be required?
1. Reorganising the states
2. Seventh schedule
3. Representation of the states in parliament
a) 1, 2, 3
b) 2, 3
c) Only 3
d) None

ANSWERS:
1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d, 5-a, 6-d, 7-c, 8-c, 9-c, 10-a,
11-c, 12-c, 13-d, 14-a, 15-a, 16-b, 17-b, 18-a, 19-a, 20-b

LED Street Lighting Project

Government of India, through the Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under the Ministry of Power, would be retrofitting 10 lakh conventional street lights with LED lights in Gram Panchayats of 7 districts in Andhra Pradesh.
★ This is the first project for rural LED street lighting in the country under the Government of India's Street Lighting National Project (SLNP).
★ These installations have led to an annual savings of over 7.8 crore kWh, translating into an annual reduction of over 65,000 tonnes of CO2.

Schemes for Welfare of Textile Workers

Government has been implementing various policy initiatives and schemes for the welfare of textile workers in the country, such as Integrated Skill Development Scheme (ISDS), Schemes for Development of Silk and Sericulture sectors, National Handloom Development Programme (NHDP), Comprehensive Handloom Cluster Development Scheme(CHCDS), Yarn supply Scheme and National Handicrafts Development Programme (NHDP). Government is also implementing PowerTex India, a comprehensive scheme for Powerloom Sector Development. 

Further, Government is implementing social welfare schemes for weavers/ workers, such as Matatma Gandhi Bunkar Bima Yojana for Handloom weavers, the Group Insurance Scheme for Powerloom workers, the Aam Admi Bima Yojana for handicrafts artisans and scholarship for children of jute workers. Government of India had introduced the Textile Workers Rehabilitation Fund Scheme (TWRFS) to provide relief to workers rendered jobless due to permanent closure of Non-SSI Textile Mills in private sector. The TWRFS has now been merged with Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana (RGSKY) which provides an unemployment allowance for the employees covered under ESI Scheme, who are rendered unemployed involuntarily due to retrenchment/closure of factory, etc. The Government had also approved a special package for textile sector with an outlay of Rs. 6000 crore to boost employment generation and exports, particularly in Garmenting and Made-ups. 

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

As per latest data, IMR has reduced by 58% in India during the period of 1990-2015 which is more than to Global decline of 49% during the same period. The full immunization coverage also improved from 43.5% in 2005 to 62.0% in 2015 and mortality due to Tuberculosis has reduced from 76 per 1,00,000 in 1990 to 32 per 1,00,000 in 2015.

The steps being taken by the government to further combat infant mortality and increase vaccine coverage under the National Health Mission are as under:

(1) Promotion of Institutional deliveries through cash incentive under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) which entitles all pregnant women delivering in public health institutions to absolutely free ante-natal check-ups, delivery including Caesarean section, post-natal care and treatment of sick infants till one year of age.

(2) Strengthening of delivery points for providing comprehensive and quality Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Services, ensuring essential newborn care at all delivery points, establishment of Special Newborn Care Units (SNCU),

Newborn Stabilization Units (NBSU) and Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) units for care of sick and small babies. Home Based Newborn Care (HBNC) is being provided by ASHAs to improve child rearing practices. India Newborn Action Plan (INAP) was launched in 2014 to make concerted efforts towards attainment of the goals of “Single Digit Neonatal Mortality Rate” and “Single Digit Stillbirth Rate”, by 2030.

(3) Early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding for first six months and appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices are promoted in convergence with Ministry of Women and Child Development. Village Health and Nutrition Days (VHNDs) are observed for provision of maternal and child health services and creating awareness on maternal and child care including health and nutrition education. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched MAA-Mothers’ Absolute Affection programme in August 2016 for improving breastfeeding practices (Initial Breastfeeding within one hour, Exclusive Breastfeeding up to six months and complementary Breastfeeding up to two years) through mass media and capacity building of health care providers in health facilities as well as in communities.

(4) Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is being supported to provide vaccination to children against many life threatening diseases such as Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Polio, Tetanus, Hepatitis B and Measles. Pentavalent vaccine has been introduced all across the country and “Mission Indradhanush” has been launched to fully immunize children who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated; those that have not been covered during the rounds of routine immunization for various reasons.Measles Rubella Campaign is being undertaken in select States for children from 9 months to 15 years of age with the aim of eliminating Measles by 2020.

(5) Name based tracking of mothers and children till two years of age (Mother and Child Tracking System) is done to ensure complete antenatal, intranatal, postnatal care and complete immunization as per schedule.

(6) Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) for health screening, early detection of birth defects, diseases, deficiencies, development delays including disability and early intervention services has been Operationalized to provide comprehensive care to all the children in the age group of 0-18 years in the community.

(7) Some other important interventions are Iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation for the prevention of anaemia among the vulnerable age groups, home visits by ASHAs to promote exclusive breast feeding and promote use of ORS and Zinc for management of diarrhoea in children.

(8) Capacity building of health care providers: Various trainings are being conducted under National Health Mission (NHM) to build and upgrade the skills of health care providers in basic and comprehensive obstetric care of mother during pregnancy, delivery and essential newborn care.

(9) Low performing districts have been identified as High Priority Districts (HPDs) which entitles them to receive high per capita funding, relaxed norms, enhanced monitoring and focused supportive supervisions and encouragement to adopt innovative approaches to address their peculiar health challenges.

List of Vice Presidents of India

No.	Name	Elected	Tenure
1.	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	1952-1957	13 May, 1952 – 12 May, 1962
2.	Zakir Husain	1962	13 May, 1962 – 12 May, 1967
3.	Varahagiri Venkata Giri	1967	13 May, 1967 – 3 May, 1969
4.	Gopal Swarup Pathak	1969	31 August, 1969 – 30 August, 1974
5.	Basappa Danappa Jatti	1974	31 August, 1974 – 30 August, 1979
6.	Mohammad Hidayatullah	1979	31 August, 1979 – 30 August, 1984
7.	Ramaswamy Venkataraman	1984	31 August, 1984 – 24 July, 1987
8.	Shankar Dayal Sharma	1987	3 September, 1987 – 24 July, 1992
9.	Kocheril Raman Narayanan	1992	21 August, 1992 – 24 July, 1997
10.	Krishan Kant	1997	21 August, 1997 – 27 July, 2002
11.	Bhairon Singh Shekhawat	2002	19 August, 2002 – 21 July, 2007
12.	Mohammad Hamid Ansari	2007 – 2017	11 August, 2007 – 10 August, 2017
13.	Venkaiah Naidu	2017	11 August, 2007 – Incumbent