List of Presidents of India (1947-Till Date)

1.Rajendra Prasad
26-Jan-1950  -13-May-1962  
Political party : Indian National Congress

Prasad was the first President of independent India. He was also an independence activist of the Indian Independence Movement. Prasad was the only president to serve for two terms in office.

2.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
13-May-1962   - 13-May-1967   
Political party : Independent  
Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a Knight of the Realm and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University. Hewas also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI.

3.Zakir Hussain
13-May-1967 - 3-May-1969   
Political party : Independent  
Hussain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna. He died before his term of office was ended.

Varahagiri Venkata Giri *
3-May-1969  - 20-Jul-1969   
Political party : Independent  
Giri was appointed as acting president following the death of Hussain. He resigned in a few months to take partin the presidential elections.

Muhammad Hidayatullah *
20-Jul-1969  - 24-Aug-1969   
Political party : Independent  
Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire. He served as acting president until the election of Giri as the President of India.

4.Varahagiri Venkata Giri
24-Aug-1969   - 24-Aug-1974  
Political party : Independent   
Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient ofthe Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).

5.Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
24-Aug-1974 - 11-Feb-1977   
Political party : Indian National Congress  
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to have diedduring a term of office.

Basappa Danappa Jatti *
11-Feb-1977   - 25-Jul-1977   
Political party : Independent  
Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as acting president upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore.

6.Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
25-Jul-1977 - 25-Jul-1982   
Political party : Janata Party  
Reddy was the only Member ofParliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh. He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President ofIndia.

7.Giani Zail Singh
25-Jul-1982    - 25-Jul-1987   
Political party : Indian National Congress  
In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister.

8.Ramaswamy Venkataraman
25-Jul-1987  - 25-Jul-1992  
Political party : Indian National Congress  
In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the India's independence movement.After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joinedthe central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.

9.Shankar Dayal Sharma
25-Jul-1992 - 25-Jul-1997   
Political party : Indian National Congress  
Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.

10.Kocheril Raman Narayanan
25-Jul-1997- 25-Jul-2002   
Political party : Independent  
Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities. He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.

11.A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
25-Jul-2002 -25-Jul-2007   
Political party : Independent  
Kalam was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs. Kalam also received the Bharat Ratna.

12.Pratibha Patil
25-Jul-2007
Political party : Indian National Congress  
Patil was the first woman to become President of India. She was also the first female Governor

13.Pranab Mukherjee
25th-July 2012

Political party : Indian National Congress 
Mukherjee was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress until he resigned from political office preceding his election as President on 22 July 2012. He took office as the 13th President of India on 25 July 2012.Mukherjee has received several accolades and honors. In 1984, he was rated as the best Finance Minister in the World according to a survey of Euromoney magazine.

Census Facts 2011

• Thane district of Maharashtra is the most populated district of India.
• Dibang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh is the least populated.
• Kurung Kumey of Arunachal Pradesh registered highest population growthrate of 111.01 percent.
• Longleng district of Nagaland registered negative population growth rate of (-)58.39.
• Mahe district of Puducherry has highest sex ratio of 1176 females per 1000 males.
• Daman district has lowest sex ratio of 533 females per 1000 males.
• Serchhip district of Mizoram has highest literacy rate of 98.76 percent.
• Alirajpur of MP is the least literate district of India with figure of 37.22 percent only.
• North East Delhi has the higest density with figure of 37346 person per square kilometer.
• Dibang Valley has the least density of 1 person per sq. km.

Literacy Rate in India (As per 2011 Census)

Literacy Rate In Indian State: Census 2011

Rank	State	Literacy rate (2011 Census)	Literacy rate-Male (2011 Census)	Literacy rate-Female (2011 Census)
1	Andaman & Nicobar Islands	86.3%	90.1%	81.8%
2	Andhra Pradesh	67.7%	75.6%	59.7%
3	Arunachal Pradesh	67.0%	73.7%	59.6%
4	Assam	73.2%	78.8%	67.3%
5	Bihar	63.8%	73.5%	53.3%
6	Chandigarh	86.4%	90.5%	81.4%
7	Chattisgarh	71.0%	81.5%	60.6%
8	Dadra & Nagar Haveli	77.7%	86.5%	65.9%
9	Daman & Diu	87.1%	91.5%	79.6%
10	Delhi	86.3%	91.0%	80.9%
11	Goa	87.4%	92.8%	81.8%
12	Gujarat	79.3%	87.2%	70.7%
13	Haryana	76.6%	85.4%	66.8%
14	Himachal Pradesh	83.8%	90.8%	76.6%
15	Jammu and Kashmir	68.7%	78.3%	58.0%
16	Jharkhand	67.6%	78.5%	56.2%
17	Karnataka	75.6%	82.8%	68.1%
18	Kerala	93.9%	96.0%	92.0%
19	Lakshadweep	92.3%	96.1%	88.2%
20	Madhya Pradesh	70.6%	80.5%	60.0%
21	Maharashtra	82.9%	89.8%	75.5%
22	Manipur	79.8%	86.5%	73.2%
23	Meghalaya	75.5%	77.2%	73.8%
24	Mizoram	91.6%	93.7%	89.4%
25	Nagaland	80.1%	83.3%	76.7%
26	Orissa	73.5%	82.4%	64.4%
27	Puducherry	86.5%	92.1%	81.2%
28	Punjab	76.7%	81.5%	71.3%
29	Rajasthan	67.1%	80.5%	52.7%
30	Sikkim	82.2%	87.3%	76.4%
31	Tamil Nadu	80.3%	86.8%	73.9%
32	Tripura	87.8%	92.2%	83.1%
33	Uttar Pradesh	69.7%	79.2%	59.3%
34	Uttarakhand	79.6%	88.3%	70.7%
35	West Bengal	77.1%	82.7%	71.2%
-	Whole INDIA	74.04%	82.14%	65.46%

Banking Programmes And Schemes

Banking Programmes And Schemes:

S.No.	Banking Programmes and Schemes	Year of Beginning	Objective/Description
1	Credit Authorization Scheme (CAS)	1965	A scheme of Qualitative Credit Control of Researve Bank
2	Scheme of Discriminatory Interest Rate	1972	To provide loan to the weaker sections of the societyat a concessional interest rate of 4%.
3	Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India	1985	To provide financial assistance to sick and closed industrial units for their reconstruction.
4	Formation of Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI)	1988	To safeguard the interest of investors in capital market and to regulate share market.
5	National Renewal Fund (NRF)	1992	To protect the interest of the employees of Public Sector.
6	Group Life Insurance Scheme in Rural Areas	1995	To provide insurance facilities to rural people on lower premium.
7	Social Security Pilot Scheme	2004	Scheme for labors of unorganized sector for providing family pension, insurance and medical.

Various Govt. Programmes

(1) Prerna:- The ‘janasankhya sthirata kosh (national population stabilization fund) has to promote & undertake activities aimed at achieving population stabilization at a level consistent with the needs of sustainable economic growth. Social development and environmental protection by 2045.

   • Prerna is a responsible for parenthood strategy. It is a monetary incentive strategy aimed at pushing up the age of marriage of girls and delay the birth of the first child.

(2) National Rural Health Mission (NRHM):-Launched in April 2005 the mission seeks to provide universal access to equitable, affordable and quality health care which is accountable and at the same time responsible to the needs of the people.

   • It also aims to achieve the goals set out under the national policy and the millennium development goals during the mission period.

(3) Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna:-Launched by ministry of labour & employment, govt of India to provide health insurance coverage for BPL (Below Poverty Level)  families.

   • Beneficiaries are entitled to hospitalization coverage up to Rs 30,000 for most of the disease that require hospitalization.

(4) National Food Security Mission:-Sponsored scheme launched in august 2007.

   • Objective is to increased production and productivity of wheat, rice and pulses.

(5) 15 Point Programme:-In Oct 2009 govt decided to include 3 more schemes in the Prime minister’s new 15 point programme for the welfare of minorities.

Those are: -

   • National rural drinking water programme.

   • Urban infrastructure developed scheme for small and medium town.

   • Urban infrastructure and governance scheme.

(6) Bharat Nirman Yojna:- It is a time bound business plan for action in rural in infrastructure .Under Bharat nirman , action was proposed in the areas of:-
   I. Irrigation.
   II. Rural housing.
   III. Rural water supply.
   IV. Rural electrification.
   V. Rural telecommunication connectivity.

(7) National Mission On Education:-It is a mission in which education is provided through information and communication technology. “SAKSHAT” one stop education portal was launched on Oct 30 2006 by the president of India.
   • Head of National knowledge commission:-Sam Pitroda

(8)Right To Education Act 2009:- Article 21-(A), as inserted by the constitution (86th Amendment Act) 2002, provides for free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years as a fundamental rights. Consequently the parliament has enacted this in April 2009.
Salient features:-
   (a) Free and compulsory education 6 to 14 age group.
   (b) Will apply to all India except J&K.
  (c) Provide for 25% reservation for economically disadvantaged communities in admission in private school.
   (d) A child who completes elementary education (up to class 8) shall be awarded a certificate.

(9) Female Literacy:-It is a scheme to provide education & related facilities to ST Students launched by ministry of tribal affairs in Dec 11, 2009.

(10) Anil Kalkaska Committee on reforms in IITs:-it will suggest reforms to make these elite institutions a global brand.

(11) Yashpal Committee Report:- It was set up in 2008 for higher education and research.
   • It has suggested the scrapping of all higher education regulatory/monitoring bodies and creation of a super regulation.
    • It also recommended that the deemed university status be abandoned and that all deserving universities either converted into full fledged universities or scrapped.

(12) National Rural Livelihood Mission:-Ministry of rural development and panchyati raj proposed to restructure the existing swarnjayanti gram swarojgar yojna into rural livelihood mission to have a focused approach to rural poverty eradication in a time bound manner.
    • Objective is to reduce poverty among rural BPL by promoting diversified and gainful self employment and wage employment opportunities which would lead to an appreciable increase in sustainable basis.

(13) NREGA Renamed After Mahatma Gandhi:- On Oct 2, 2009. New name MGNREGA.

(14) Chandra Sheker Panel:- on the recomandation of a committee headed by cabinet secretary K.M Chander shaker. Centre had increased the pension for retired service man.

(15) Rajiv Awas Yojna:-Ministry of housing and urban poverty alleviation had launched the housing project called the Rajiv awas yojna for slum dwellers and the urban poor.
    • Aimed at making India slum free in the next five years.

(16) Government Gave 50% Women’s Quota: - For women in urban local bodies from 33 % to 50 % by the 108th const. amendment act.

(17) B.K Chaturvedi panel is formed to resolve the inter ministrial issues to speed up the ambitious national highways development project taken up by the road transport and highway ministry.

(18) Librahan Commission:- It was set up in dec 16 ,1992 by the Narashima Rao govt. to probe the demolition of Babri Mosque.The commission was initially asked to give a report in three months, however it could do so only after over 16 years that saw 39 sitting and 48 extensions, finally on June 30 2009 it gave the report.

(19) S.D. Tendulkar Committee:-It is to estimate poverty in the country. It’s said that about 38% of the country’s population are living below poverty line. This figure is 10% higher than the present poverty estimate of 28.5 % by the planning commission.

(20) Moily Panel:- For administrative reform commission it is the 2nd administrative reform commission.

(21) Unique Identification Authority:- Chairman of UID is Nandan Nilekani. He revealed that the first set of 16 digit unique identification number for citizen of the country will roll out by the end of 2010.
    • The UIAI is a part of the planning mission of India.
    • AADHAR:-UIDAI now new name AADHAR and also a logo.
   • AADHAR or foundation through through which the citizen can claim his/her rights and establishment when assumed of equal opportunities as symbolized by the logo which has the halo of the sun in the imprint of a thumbs.

(22)  M.S swami Nathan Panel :- It’s recommendation is on coastal management zone.

(23) G.T Nanavati-Akshay Mehta judical commission:- Probing the Godhra train carnage and post Godhra riots.

(24) Justice B.N Srikrishna is the head of the committee on Telangana issue.

(25) Census 2011:-15th national census of India. President being first person to share her details. First census was conducted in 1872.


(26) D.P Wadhawa Committee On PDS:-Established by the Supreme Court to give recommendation on the reform of public distribution system.

(27) Rajiv Gandhi Grammeen LPG Vitarak Yojna:- Union petroleum and natural gas ministry inaugurated this scheme for providing liquefied petroleum gas to the rural house hold at Lachhman ghar in sikar district of Rajasthan .
• Under the scheme it is proposed to increase the number of connection to 16 crores with coverage of 75% of population by 2015.

(28) Punchhi Commission:-Commission on centre state relation. It was constituted in April 2007. It was asked to make recommendation to help address the emerging challenges faced by the nation regarding centre state relation. Before this in mid 1980’s the SARKARI commission had undertaken a comprehensive review of the center state relation.

(29) National Integration Council:-The Govt. has reconstituted it which will be chaired by prime minister. Set up in the early 60’s by Nehru.

(30) E.R Rammohan Committee on Dantewada Massacre of CRPF personal.

(31) ICDS:-Integrated child development service launched on 2nd Oct 1975.
   • It is the world largest programme for early child hood.
   • The objective is to improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age group of 0-6 years.

(33) Green India Mission:- Ministry of environment and forests and the defense research and development organization have launched the mission.
   • The aim is to bring a million heacter of high altitude, cold desert ecosystem under cultivation by 2020.

(34) Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojna:- It was launched in Rajasthan Sriganga nagar district.

   • Aim at integrated development of 1,000 villages where a majority of the population belongs to the schedule caste.
    • It is a replica of U.P’s Ambedkar village scheme.

(35) Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission:- Objective -Generation of 20000 mw of solar energy in three phases by 2022.
    • Under this govt. aims to add at least 1000 mw solar power by the end of 2013.
    • Power Finance Corporation and the Rural Electrification Corporation had agreed to provide financial assistance.

(36) Certified command of state centre force in Chattisgrah, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bengal was mooted to counter naxal problem. Under this a IG rank officer or a retired major general on board should be headed the certified command. In this:-
   • Additional helicopters should be provided.
   • 400 new police stations should be opened.
   • 34 new battalions should be constituted.

(37) S. Irani committee:- Rajasthan Govt appointed this committee regarding the Issue of providing reservation to Gujjars.

(38) Pradhan committee:-
   • Investigate Nov 26 2008 terror attack.

(39) Muzzafar Jan Commission:-
This committee had probed the gang rape of 17 years old Asiya and pregnant Neelofar in Shopiaon (J&K).

(40) Kasturi Rangan Committee:- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has set up this committee. To see the capability of the National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) to build civil aircraft.

(41) Goverdhan Mehta Committee:-To review the procedure of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.

(42) National Advisory Council:-
   • A consultative body, chaired by Sonia Gandhi.
   • To serve as an interface between govt. and civil society.

Various Buildings

Adoble	A house made from sun-dried bricks of clay and straw - usually built in warm, dry climates like the south western U.S.
Apartment	A set of rooms in a building which usually contains other similar sets of rooms.
Barracks	A building or set of buildings used to house soldiers.
Boardinghouse	A house in which rooms are rented and meals are served in a common dining room.
Bungalow	A small house with a low,wide roof and a porch. It is usually one story high.
Chalet	A mountain house with a wide,overhanging roof and posts and beams. The style originated in Switzerland.
Chateau	A home for nuns.
Cottage	A small country home or summer house used for vacations.
Duplex Apartment	An apartment with two floors of living space.
Duplex House	A house divided into two living units.
Estate	A large country house with seperate buildings on a large tract of land.
Farmhouse	Thie dwelling for people who live and work on a farm raising animals or crops.
Flat	An apartment on one floor of a building.
Geodesic Dome	A large, flat-bottom boat used as a home.
Hogan	A building made of logs and mud, used by the Navaho Indians.
Igloo	A house built by Eskimos of blocks of ice. The name means "hot house".
Jacal	A thatched hut made of intertwined branches and mud, built in Mexico.
Konah	A large home in Turkey.
Lodge	A house usually located in a remote place and used for hunting or skiing.
Loft	An apartment in a warehouse or business building.
Log Cabin	A small house made of unhewn timber.
Manse	In Scotland, a house in which a minister lives.
Mobile Home	A trailor used as a permanent home and made without a permanent foundation.
Nissen Hut	A premade shelter with a semicircular arching roof of corrugated iron, and containing a cement floor.
Octagon House	A house with eight sides.
Palace	A large, grand building in which royally live.
Penthouse	A large apartment located at the top of building.
Quonest Hut	A premade, portable circular hut made of metal and used by the U.S. Army.
Rectory	The house in which a Roman Catholic priest or Episcopal cergyman lives.
Shanty	A shack.
Sod House	A house made of bricks of sod, which is earth with grass and its roots. In the 19th century, these were built on the American prairie where there were no trees. Just grassy land.
Studio Apartment	A one-room apartment with a kitchen and bathroom.
Tent	A portable house made of skins, Canvas, or nylon.
Tepee, Tipi	A cone-shaped portable home made of buffalo skins and tree saplings, used by the American Indians of the Great Plains.
Tenement`	A rundown, low-rent apartment building.
Underground House	An earth shelter built below the ground. The earth keeps the house warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
Villa	A large country or resort home.
Wigwarm	A hut with a frame made of poles and covered iwht bark,rush mats, or hides, used by American Indians.
Yurt	A circular, portable, hut used as a home by asian shepherds. It is similar to the American wigwarm.
Zareba	An African fort made of thorny bushes.

Parliaments

No.	Country	Name of Parliament
01	Bangladesh	Jatiyo Sangsad
02	Britain	Parliament (House of Commons is the Lower House and House of lords is the Upper house)
03	West Germany	Lower House-Bundesrat,Upper House-Bundestag
04	India	Parliament (Lok Sabha is the Lower house & Rajya Sabha is the Upper House)
05	Iran	Majlis
06	Israel	Kneeset
07	Japan	Diet
08	Nepal	Panchayat
09	Sweden	Riksdag
10	U.S.A.	Congress (Lower House-house of Representatives & Upper house-Senate)
11	U.S.S.R.	Supreme Soviet
12	China	National Peoples,Congress
13	Denmark	Folketing
14	Holland	States,General
15	Pakistan	Parliament(National Assembly and Senate)
16	Australia	Parliament
17	Malaysia	Dewan Rakyat(Upper),Dewan Nagara (Lower)
18	Mongolia	Khurat
19	New Zealand	House of Representatives
20	Norway	Storting
21	Poland	Sejin
22	Romania	Grand National Assembly
23	South Africa	House of Assembly
24	Spain	Crotes
25	Sweden	Riksdag
26	Switzerland	Federal Assembly
27	Canada	Parliament (Lower House:House of Commons, Upper House:Senate)
28	Ireland	Althing

VARIOUS COMMITTEES

Butler Committee - Relation between Indian states & paramount power
Hurtog Committee - Growth of British India education-its effects
Muddiman Committee - Working of Diarchy as in Montague Chelmsford reforms
Malhotra Committee - Insurance Reforms
Janaki Ram Committee - Security Scam
Ajay Vikram Singh Committee - Faster promotions in Army
Rajinder Sachar Committee 1 - Companies and MRPT Act
Rajindar Sachar Committee 2 - Report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslims of India.
Jyoti Basu Committee - Report on Octroi abolition.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee - Recommendations on decentralization system
Sawant Committee - Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare
Chelliah Committee - Eradicating black money
Wanchoo Committee - Tax enquiry
Bhanu Pratap Singh Committee – Agriculture
Agarwal Committee - Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections
Rangarajan Committee - Reforms in private sector
Naresh Chandra Committee - Corporate governance
Chakravarti Committee - Banking sector reforms
Rekhi Committee - Structure of indirect taxation
G.V.Ramakrishna Committee - Disinvestment in PSU shares
Kelkar Committee 1 - First committee on backward castes
P.C.Hotha Committee - Restructuring of civil services
Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee - 1st chairman National Forest Commission
Godbole Committee - Enron Power Project
J.C.Kumarappa Committee - Congress agrarian Reforms Committee
Swaminathan Committee - Population policy
Rangaraju Committee – Statistics
Wardha Committee - Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines
Vohra Committee - Criminalization of politics
Kelkar Committee 2 - Direct-Indirect Taxes
Alagh Committee - Civil Service Examinations
Abid Hussain Committee - Recommendations on Small scale industries
Narasimham Committee - Banking sector reforms
Chelliah Committee - Tax reforms
Mashelkar Committee - National Auto Fuel Policy
Boothalingam Committee - Recommendations on integrated wages, income and price policy.
Omkar Goswami Committee Industrial sickness
Yashpal Committee - Review of School Education system
Ram Nandan Prasad Committee - Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes.
Kelkar Committee 3 - Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.
Saharya Committee - Tehelka tapes

VARIOUS COMMISSIONS

U.C.Benerjee Commission - Enquiry into Godhra carnage (Railways)

Nanavati-Shah - commission Posy Godhra riots

Palekar Tribunal - Journalist pay reforms

Hunter Commission - Jallianwalabagh massacre

Nanavati Commission - 1984 Sikh riots

Mukherjee Commission - Death/Disappearance of Subhash Chandra Bose

Librehan Commission - Babri Masjid demolition case

Sarkaria Commission - Centre-State relations

Sri Krishna Commission - 1992 Bombay riots

Thakkar Commission - Indira Gandhi assassination case

Phukhan Commission - Tehelka tapes

Malimath Commission - Criminal Justice

Upendra Commission - Inquiry on rape and murder Thangjem Manorama Devi

G.C.Garg Commission - Train accident near Khanna, Punjab

Mandal Commission - Reservation of seats for Backward castes

Kothari Commission - Educational reforms

UNO International Years

2014
International Year of Crystallography
International Year of Family Farming
2013
International Year of Water Cooperation
International Year of Quinoa
2012
International Year of Cooperatives
International Year of Sustainable Energy for All
2011
International Year for People of African Descent
International Year of Chemistry
International Year of Forests
International Year of Youth (12 August 2010 — 11 August 2011)
2010
International Year of Youth (12 August 2010 — 11 August 2011)
International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures
International Year of Biodiversity
International Year of the Seafarer
2009
International Year of Reconciliation
International Year of Natural Fibres
International Year of Human Rights Learning
International Year of Astronomy
Year of the Gorilla (UNEP and UNESCO)
2008
International Year of Planet Earth
International Year of Languages
International Year of Sanitation
International Year of the Potato
2007/08
International Polar Year (WMO)
2006
International Year of Deserts and Desertification
2005
International Year of Microcredit
International Year for Sport and Physical Education
International Year of Physics
2004
International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition
International Year of Rice
2003
Year of Kyrgyz Statehood
International Year of Freshwater
2002
United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage
International Year of Mountains
International Year of Ecotourism
2001
United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations
International Year of Volunteers
International Year of Mobilization against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance
2000
International Year of Thanksgiving
International Year for the Culture of Peace
1999
International Year of Older Persons
1998
International Year of the Ocean
1996
International Year for the Eradication of Poverty
1995
United Nations Year for Tolerance
World Year of Peoples’ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War
1994
International Year of the Family
International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal
1993
International Year for the World's Indigenous People
1992
International Space Year
1990
International Literacy Year
1987
International Year of Shelter for The Homeless
1986
International Year of Peace
1985
Year of The United Nations
International Youth Year: Participation, Development, Peace
1983
World Communications Year; Development of Communication Infrastructures
1982
International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa
1981
International Year for Disabled Persons
1979
International Year of The Child
1978/79
International Anti-Apartheid Year
1975
International Women's Year
1974
World Population Year
1971
International Year for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice
1970
International Education Year
1968
International Year for Human Rights
1967
International Tourist Year
1965
International Co-operation Year
1961
International Health and Medical Research Year
1959/60
World Refugee Year

Post Offices in Villages

India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world. However, 5,00,327 villages are without Post Offices in the country. Opening of Post Offices is an on-going process. New Post Offices are opened as per the prescribed norms and subject to availability of Plan funds and manpower. It has been proposed to open 80 Branch Post Offices and 50 Sub-Post Offices in the country during the current financial year (2012-13).

24,969 departmental Post Offices have been computerized, out of which 21,606 Post Offices have been provided electronic money order facilities. The Department has a plan to provide these services through all Post Offices in phased manner and it is expected to be completed during the current Plan.  

Indian Cities As they are known

SNo	As They are Known	Place
1	Golden City	Amritsar
2	Manchester of India	Ahmedabad
3	City of Seven islands	Mumbai
4	Queen of Arabian Sea	Cochin
5	Space City	Bangalore
6	Garden City of India	Bangalore
7	Silicon Valley of India	Bangalore
8	Electronic city of India	Bangalore
9	Pink city	Jaipur
10	Gateway of India	Mumbai
11	Twin city	Hyderabad – Sikandarabad
12	City of festivals	Madurai
13	Deccan Queen	Pune
14	City of Buildings	Kolkata
15	Dakshin Ganga	Godavari
16	Old Ganga	Godavari
17	Egg bowls of Asia	Andhra Pradesh
18	Soya region	Madhya Pradesh
19	Manchester of the South	Coimbatore
20	City of Nawabs	Lucknow
21	Venice of the east	Cochin
22	Sorrow of Bengal	Damodar river
23	Sorrow of Bihar	Kosi river
24	Blue Mountains	Nilgiri
25	Queen of the Mountains	Mussoorie (Uttaranchal)
26	Sacred river	Ganga
27	Hollywood of India	Mumbai
28	City of Castles	Kolkata
29	State of five rivers	Punjab
30	City of weavers	Panipat
31	City of lakes	Srinagar
32	Steel city of India	Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
33	City of temples	Varanasi
34	Manchester of the north	Kanpur
35	City of Rallies	New Delhi
36	Heaven of India	Jammu & Kashmir
37	Boston of India	Ahmedabad
38	Garden of spices of India	Kerala
39	Switzerland of India	Kashmir
40	Abode of the God	Prayag (Allahabad)
41	Pittsburg of India	Jamshedpur

Famous Places in India

Place	Location
Ajanta	Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
Amarnath Cave	Kashmir
Akbar’s Tomb	Sikanara, Agra
Amber Palace	Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Anand Bhawan	Allahabad
Bhakra Dam	Punjab
Bibi Da Maqbra	Aurangabad
Birla Planetorium	Calcutta
Black Pagoda	Konark (Orissa)
Bodhisatva	Ajanta Caves
Brihadeeswara Temple	Tanjavur, Tanjor
Brindaban Gardens	Mysore
Buland Darwaza	Fatehpur Sikri
Charminar	Hyderabad
Cheena Kesava Temple	Belur
Chilka Lake	East Coast of India near Bhubaneshwar
Dal Lake	Srinagar
Dilwara Temple	Mt.Abu
Elephanta Caves	Bombay
Ellora Caves	Aurangabad
Gateway of India	Bombay
Golden Temple	Amritsar
Gol Gumbaz	Bijapur
Hanging Gardens	Bombay
Hawa Mahal (Place of winds)	Jaipur
Howrah Gridge	Calcutta
Island Palace	Udaipur
Itmaad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb	Agra
Jagannath Temple	Puri
Jahaz Mahal	Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy)
Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory)	Chittorgarh
Jama Masjid	Delhi
Jantar Mantar	New Delhi
Jog (Gersoppa) Falls	Karnataka
Kailasa Temple	Ellora
Kanyakumari Temple	Kanyakumari
Khajuraho	M.P.
Kirti Stambha (Tower of victory)	Chittorgarh
Kornark	Orissa
Lakshmi Vilas Palace	Baroda
Lal Bagh Garden	Bangalore
Lalgarh Palace	Bikaner
Mahabaleshwar Temple	Ujjain (M.P.)
Maheshmuri (Trimurty)	Elephanta Caves
Malabar Hill	Bombay
Man Mandir Palace	Gwalior Fort
Marble Rocks	Jabalpur
Marina Beach	Madras
Minakshi Temple	Madurai
Mt. Girnar(Jain Temple)	Junagadh
Nagin Lake	Srinagar
Nishat Bagh	Srinagar
Padmanabha Temple	Trivandrum
Palitana	Junagadh
Panch Mahal	Fatehpur Sikri
Pichola Lake	Udaipur
Prince of Wales Muserm	Bombay
Qutab Minar	Delhi
Raj Ghat	New Delhi
Rashtrapati Bhawan	New Delhi
Red Fort	Delhi
Sanchi Stupa	Sanchi(Bhopal)
Sahar	Bombay
Sarnath Temple	Varanasi
Sidi Sayyid Mosque	Ahmedabad
Shalimar Bagh	Srinagar
Shahi Chashma	Srinagar
Shanti Vana	New Delhi
Shore Temple	Mahabalipuram
Somnath Temple	Gujarat
Statue of Gomateswars	Karnataka
Statue of Ugra Narasimha	Hampi
Sunderbans	West Bengal
Sun Temple	Konark
Taj Mahal	Agra
Tripati Temple	Andhra Pradesh
Tower of Silence	Bombay
Victoria Memorial	Calcutta
Victoria Garden	Bombay
Vijay Ghat	New Delhi

List of Lok Sabha Speakers

Lok Sabha	First meeting	Dissolution	Speaker	Tenure	Party
First Lok Sabha	13 May, 1952	4 April, 1957	Shri Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar	15 May, 1952-27 –  February, 1956	Indian National Congress
			Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar	8 March, 1956 –  10 May, 1957	Indian National Congress
Second Lok Sabha	10 May, 1957	31 March, 1962	Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar	11 May, 1957 –  16 April, 1962	Indian National Congress
Third Lok Sabha	16 April, 1962	3 March,  1967	Shri Hukam Singh	17 April, 1962 –  16 March, 1967	Indian National Congress
Fourth Lok Sabha	16 March, 1967	7 December, 1970	Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	17 March, 1967 –  19 July, 1969	Indian National Congress
			Shri Gurdial Singh Dhillon	8 August, 1969 –  19 March, 1971	Indian National Congress
Fifth Lok Sabha	19 March, 1971	18 January, 1977	Shri Gurdial Singh Dhillon	22 March, 1971 –  1 December, 1975	Indian National Congress
			Shri Bali Ram Bhagat	5 January, 1976 –  25 March, 1977	Indian National Congress
Sixth Lok Sabha	25 March, 1977	22 August, 1979	Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	26 March, 1977 –  13 July, 1977	Janata Party
			Shri K. S. Hegde	21 July, 1977 –  21 January, 1980	Janata Party
Seventh Lok Sabha	21 January, 1980	31 December, 1984	Shri Bal Ram Jakhar	22 January, 1980 –  15 January, 1985	Indian National Congress
Eighth Lok Sabha	15 January, 1985	27 November, 1989	Shri Bal Ram Jakhar,	16 January, 1985 –  18 December, 1989	Indian National Congress
Ninth Lok Sabha	18 December, 1989	13 March, 1991	Shri Ravi Ray	19 December, 1989 –  9 July, 1991	Janata Party
Tenth Lok Sabha	9 July, 1991	10 May, 1996	Shri Shivraj V. Patil	10 July, 1991 –  22 May, 1996	Indian National Congress
Eleventh Lok Sabha	22 May, 1996	4 Dec., 1997	Shri P. A. Sangma	23 May, 1996 –  23 March, 1998 (FN)	Indian National Congress
Twelfth Lok Sabha	23 March, 1998,	26 April, 1999	Shri G. M. C. Balayogi	24 March, 1998 –  20 October, 1999 (FN)	Telugu Desam Party
Thirteenth Lok Sabha	20 October, 1999	6 February, 2004	Shri G. M. C. Balayogi	22 October, 1999 –  3 March, 2002	Telugu Desam Party
			Shri Manohar Joshi	10 May, 2002 –  4 June, 2004	Shiv Sena
Fourteenth Lok Sabha	2 June, 2004	18 May, 2009	Shri Somnath Chatterjee	4 June, 2004 –  30 May 2009	Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Fifteen Lok Sabha	1 July, 2009	———–	Meira Kumar	30 May 2009–present	Indian National Congress

List of High Courts in India

Name	Establishment year	Territorial Jurisdiction	Seat
Allahabad	1866	Utter Pradesh	Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow)
Andhra Pradesh	1954	Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad
Bombay	1862	Maharastra, Dadar, & Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman  Diu
Kolkata	1862	West Bengal, Andman & Nicobar Islands	Kolkata ( Bench of port Blair)
Delhi	1966	Delhi	Delhi
Guwahati	1948	Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh	Guwahati (Bench at Kohima , Imphal , Agartala , and Shilong
Gujarat	1960	Gujarat	Ahmedabad
Himachal Pradesh	1966	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
Jammu & Kashmir	1928	Jammu & Kashmir	Sri Nagar & Jammu
Karnataka	1884	Karnataka	Bangalore
Kerala	1958	Kerala & Lakshadweep	Ernakulam
Madhya Pradesh	1956	Madhya Pradesh	Jabalpur  (Bench –Indore , Gwalior)
Madras	1862	Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry	Chennai
Orissa	1948	Orissa	Cuttack
Patna	1916	Bihar	Patna
Punjab & Haryana	1975	Punjab, Haryana , Chandigarh	Chandigarh
Rajasthan	1949	Rajasthan	Jodhpur ( Bench – Jaipur)
Sikkim	1975	Sikkim	Gangtok
Chhattisgarh	2000	Chhattisgarh	Bilaspur
Uttarakhand	2000	Uttarakhand	Nainital
Jharkhand	2000	Jharkhand	Ranchi

Nuclear Research Centres in India

Research Center	Place
Atomic Energy Commission	Bombay
Bhabha Atomic Research Center	Trombay (Bombay)
Electronics Corporation of India	Hyderabad
High Altitude Research Laboratory	Gulmarg (Kashmir)
Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute	Durgapur (West Bengal)
Central Mining Research Institution	Dhanbad (Bihar)
Indian Rare Earths, Ltd.,	Alwaye
Radio Astronomy Center	Ootacamund
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics	Calcutta
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research	Bombay
Tata Memorial Center	Bombay
Uranium Corporation of India	Jaduguda(Bihar)

National Parks In India

Name	Place	State
Bandhavagarh National Park	Shahdol	Madhya Pradesh
Bandipur National Park	Mysore	Karnataka
Bannarghata National Park	Bangalore	Karnataka
Borivili National Park	Mumbai	Maharashtra
Corbett National Park	Garhwal	Uttar Pradesh
Dudhewa National Park	Lakhimpur	Uttar Pradesh
Eravikulan Rajmallay National Park	Idduki	Kerala
Gir National Park	Junagarh	Gujarat
Guindy National Park	Madras	Tamil Nadu
Hazaribagh National Park	Hazaribagh	Bihar
Kanha National Park	Mzandla & Balaghat	Madhya Pradesh
Kaziranga National Park	Jorhat	Assam
Kangchandsenda National Park	Gangtok	Sikkim
Nagerhole	Coorg	Karnataka
Nawegaon National Park	Bhandara	Maharashtra
Pench Nationa Park	Nagpur	Maharastra
Rohia Naional Park	Kullu	Himchal Pradesh
Shivpur Naional Park	Shivpuri	Madhyaradesh
Tadoba Naional Park	Chandrapur	Maharashtra
Valavadar Naional Park	Bhavnagar	Gujarat